米文娟宋勇莉田克勇陳福權(quán)查定軍邱建華第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科(西安710032)
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應(yīng)用酶消化耳蝸基底膜上皮細(xì)胞的研究
米文娟宋勇莉田克勇陳福權(quán)查定軍邱建華
第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科(西安710032)
【摘要】目的比較聯(lián)合應(yīng)用嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶消化對耳蝸基底膜上皮細(xì)胞的分離效果。方法分離P0-3 天SD大鼠基底膜,并將其分為四組,分別為:A組胰酶消化組;B組嗜熱菌蛋白酶消化組;C組I型膠原酶消化組;D組嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶消化組。收集各組消化的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行懸浮培養(yǎng)和誘導(dǎo)分化,分別計數(shù)各組形成的細(xì)胞球數(shù)目,應(yīng)用免疫熒光對獲得的細(xì)胞來源進(jìn)行鑒定,并比較各組Cytokeratin-18陽性細(xì)胞的百分率。結(jié)果從4種方法分離得到的細(xì)胞經(jīng)培養(yǎng)后均可形成細(xì)胞球,表達(dá)干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物Nestin和細(xì)胞分裂標(biāo)記物BrdU。獲得細(xì)胞大部分均表達(dá)上皮來標(biāo)記物E-cadherin和cytokeratin -18,而不表達(dá)間質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物Vimentin,經(jīng)過誘導(dǎo)分化后可以分化成毛細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞。應(yīng)用嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶消化獲得的細(xì)胞球數(shù)目顯著高于其它組(P<0.05);而采用胰酶消化獲得的細(xì)胞cytokeratin -18陽性率顯著低于其它組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論聯(lián)合應(yīng)用嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶消化耳蝸基底膜上皮細(xì)胞可以顯著提高基底膜上皮細(xì)胞的分離效果,從而耳蝸前體細(xì)胞的研究提供有力研究基礎(chǔ)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】毛細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞培養(yǎng);上皮細(xì)胞;酶消化;
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.81271069)and the National Natural Science Foundation of Major Projects Overseas of China(Grant no.81120108008)
Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
隨著耳聾研究的發(fā)展,近年來研究者們已成功的從哺乳動物的耳蝸內(nèi)分離出具有干細(xì)胞特性的細(xì)胞,并稱之為耳蝸前體細(xì)胞[1-7]。耳蝸前體細(xì)胞具有定向分化為支持細(xì)胞、毛細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞等不同類型的耳蝸細(xì)胞,被廣泛應(yīng)用于耳蝸干細(xì)胞及毛細(xì)胞再生的研究[4,8]。來源于耳蝸不同部位的前體細(xì)胞具有不同的分化潛能,如來源于基底膜上皮的細(xì)胞可以誘導(dǎo)分化成為支持細(xì)胞及毛細(xì)胞,而來源于基底膜間質(zhì)層的細(xì)胞則分化為神經(jīng)元及表達(dá)I型膠原的軟骨細(xì)胞[9]。因此,分離不同潛能的前體細(xì)胞對于耳蝸前體細(xì)胞增殖及分化機制的研究具有重要意義。目前,如何有效分離各種不同類型的耳蝸前體細(xì)胞是亟待解決的問題。本研究采用酶消化方法來分離培養(yǎng)基底膜上皮細(xì)胞,進(jìn)行體外培養(yǎng),鑒定細(xì)胞的來源及計數(shù)細(xì)胞球形成的數(shù)目,以期建立一種簡便,有效的耳蝸基底膜上皮細(xì)胞的分離方法,從而為耳蝸前體細(xì)胞增殖調(diào)控和毛細(xì)胞再生的研究提供研究基礎(chǔ)。
1.1實驗動物及材料
P1-P3天新生SD大鼠,由第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)實驗動物中心提供,實驗所有操作程序符合第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)動物實驗管理委員會及美國國家衛(wèi)生研究所(national institutes of health,NIH)發(fā)布的實驗動物應(yīng)用和保護(hù)指南。
1.2實驗材料
改良Dulbecco細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液(Sigma),無血清培養(yǎng)液添加劑N2(Sigma),無血清培養(yǎng)液添加劑B27(Sigma),表皮生長因子(EGF,Sigma),堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(bFGF,Sigma),嗜熱菌蛋白酶(thermolysin,Sigma),I型膠原酶(collagenase type I,Sigma),胰蛋白酶(trypsin,Sigma),小鼠抗BrdU抗體(Millipore),小鼠抗nestin抗體(Millipore),兔抗E-cadherin抗體(BD Biosciences),小鼠抗Vimentin抗體(Cell signaling technology),兔抗cytokeratin -18抗體(Millipore),兔抗Myosin VIIa抗體(Abcame),驢抗兔或小鼠二抗(IgG-Alexa Fluor 488或594,Invitrogen),DAPI(Sigma)。
1.3細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
新生SD大鼠采用冰麻,待麻醉后,按照文獻(xiàn)報道的方法分離基底膜[1]。簡述如下:75%酒精消毒新生鼠,將新生鼠斷頭處死,取出雙側(cè)顳骨,置于4°C預(yù)冷的生理鹽水中,在解剖顯微鏡下分離暴露聽泡,打開聽泡,去除骨蝸殼。分離去除血管紋,螺旋韌帶及前庭膜,然后將基底膜小心從蝸軸上分離,HBSS反復(fù)漂洗。收集分離得到的基底膜,將其分成四組(每組4只耳蝸),分別為:A組:胰酶消化組;B組:嗜熱菌蛋白酶消化組;C組:I型膠原酶消化組;D組:嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶聯(lián)合消化組。A組將獲得的基底膜置于含有0.25%mg/ml胰酶的Hank's液中消化,37°C,10分鐘;B組將獲得的基底膜置于含有0.5%mg/ml嗜熱菌蛋白酶的Hank's液中消化,37°C,20分鐘;C組將獲得的基底膜置于含有0.2% mg/ml I型蛋白酶的Hank's液中消化,37°C,20分鐘;D組將獲得的基底膜置于含有0.5%mg/ml嗜熱菌蛋白酶和0.2%mg/ml I型蛋白酶的Hank's液中消化,37°C,20分鐘。將上述分離得到的組織用火焰拋光的Pasteur管反復(fù)輕輕吹打后,終止消化,收集混懸液,離心,收集細(xì)胞并進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。懸浮培養(yǎng):用含B27,N2,EGF,bFGF和青霉素的DMEM/F12無血清培養(yǎng)液重懸細(xì)胞,并接種于24孔板,置于5%CO2,37°C的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),隔天換液,培養(yǎng)7天收集細(xì)胞進(jìn)行細(xì)胞球計數(shù)及觀察;貼壁培養(yǎng):將收集的細(xì)胞置于含B27,N2,EGF,bFGF和青霉素的DMEM/F12的含血清培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng)1天后細(xì)胞進(jìn)行觀察;誘導(dǎo)分化:將細(xì)胞于懸浮培養(yǎng)3天后,將培養(yǎng)液更換為含B27,N2,EGF,bFGF和青霉素的DMEM/F12血清培養(yǎng)液,誘導(dǎo)分化12天,收集細(xì)胞觀察。
1.4細(xì)胞球計數(shù)
將單細(xì)胞懸液培養(yǎng)至24孔板,于培養(yǎng)第7天在倒置顯微鏡下計數(shù)各組細(xì)胞球的數(shù)目,每組5孔,計數(shù)各孔的均值,最后以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差來表示。
1.5免疫熒光
收集培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞,4%多聚甲醛室溫固定20分鐘,1%triton x-100冰上孵育5分鐘,用含5%BSA的0.01MPBS室溫封閉1小時,加入一抗,包括小鼠抗nestin(1:100 Millipore),Myosin VII-a(1:100,Abcam),E-cadherin(1:100,BD Biosciences),cytokeratin-18 (Millipore,1:100),vimentin(1:100,Cell signaling technology),4°C過夜,加入二抗AlexaFlour 594 or 488(1:500,Invitrogen),室溫避光孵育2小時,DAPI(1:1000,Sigma)室溫孵育10分鐘,85%甘油封片。陰性對照采用0.01M PBS來代替一抗,其余步驟同上。
(4)根據(jù)教學(xué)的需要合理選擇案例,難度要適中,不能過難或過于簡單,要有一定的代表性。選擇的案例要理論聯(lián)系實際,通過案例教學(xué)可以提高學(xué)生的綜合能力,案例分析不能只停留在表面,分析要不斷深入,通過對案例的分析和研究,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)、分析和解決問題的能力。
1.6BrdU標(biāo)記
將收集的細(xì)胞接種于24孔板,培養(yǎng)至3天,吸除培養(yǎng)液,加入含BrdU(Sigma,10um)的培養(yǎng)液2ml,5%CO2,37°C培養(yǎng)箱孵育24小時。24小時后收集細(xì)胞,進(jìn)行免疫熒光染色,步驟同上。
1.7Cytokeratin-18陽性率計算
將細(xì)胞固定并進(jìn)行cytokeratin-18免疫熒光染色后,隨機選取10個高倍熒光顯微鏡下(10×20)不同視野,以DAPI標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞核計數(shù)為細(xì)胞總數(shù),以熒光激發(fā)后鏡下亮紅色紅色熒光的細(xì)胞計數(shù)為cytokeratin-18陽性細(xì)胞,上皮細(xì)胞的純度= cytokeratin-18陽性細(xì)胞/細(xì)胞總數(shù)×100。
1.8統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
所有統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析均采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行方差分析,所有數(shù)據(jù)均以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,n表示樣本個數(shù),以P<0.05表示有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
我們采用兩種消化酶進(jìn)行消化以期獲得上皮來源的細(xì)胞,在獲得的各組中,當(dāng)將細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)在含有10%胎牛血清的培養(yǎng)液中,細(xì)胞形成島狀上皮細(xì)胞團,在細(xì)胞團周圍可見少許間質(zhì)細(xì)胞(圖1A-D)。大部分貼壁細(xì)胞表達(dá)上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物E-cadherin和cytokeratin 18,而不表達(dá)間質(zhì)來源的標(biāo)記物vimentin(圖2 A-C),以上結(jié)果提示通過酶消化的方法可以從基底膜中分離獲得上皮細(xì)胞。
圖1 各組消化方法獲得細(xì)胞進(jìn)行貼壁培養(yǎng)后的形態(tài),圖A-D在貼壁培養(yǎng)下上皮細(xì)胞聚集形成島狀,上皮細(xì)胞呈多角形,呈鋪路石樣結(jié)構(gòu),在上皮細(xì)胞島周邊可以見到少許間質(zhì)細(xì)胞,其中A組中上皮細(xì)胞團周圍可見較多間質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞(Bar=100um)。Fig.1 shows the morphologies of epithelial cells cultured under the adherent culture condition in the group A-D.Epithelial cells grew and assumed a polygonal,“cobblestone-like”morphology in each group.Among the epithelial clumps,some mesenchymal cells can be seen and in the group A which the basilar membranes were digested by trypsin,much more mesenchymal cells were observed(Bar=100um).
圖2 在貼壁培養(yǎng)條件下,上皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)上皮標(biāo)記物cytokeratin 18(A,紅色熒光)和E-cadherin(B,綠色熒光),但是不表達(dá)間質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物vimentin(C,紅色熒光)(Bar=20um)。Fig 2 Under the adherent culture condition,epithelial cells in each group which formed epithelial clumps showed positive expression of cytokeratin 18(A)and E-cadherin(B),but negative expression of vimentin(C)(Bar=20um).
2.2分離培養(yǎng)的基底膜上皮細(xì)胞具有自我更新和定向分化的能力
將從四組收集到的單細(xì)胞混懸液在含有EGF、bFGF和IGF的無血清培養(yǎng)液中進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),結(jié)果均可見到有細(xì)胞球形成(圖3A-D),細(xì)胞球表現(xiàn)出不同的形態(tài),包括:實性細(xì)胞球、混合性細(xì)胞球及鏤空細(xì)胞球(3E)。
圖3 采用4種不同消化方法得到的單細(xì)胞混懸液在懸浮培養(yǎng)條件均可形成細(xì)胞球(圖A-D),在各組,所有細(xì)胞球均表現(xiàn)出三種形態(tài):實性細(xì)胞球,混合性細(xì)胞球及鏤空細(xì)胞球(圖E)(Bar=100um)。Fig.3 The single cell suspension harvested by the four groups gave rise to free-floating cell spheres under suspension culture condition(A-D).In all groups,three kinds of sphere morphologies can be observed,including solid,transitional and hollow spheres(E)(Bar=100um).
為鑒定培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的增殖及定向分化能力,我們收集懸浮及誘導(dǎo)分化培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行免疫熒光染色,結(jié)果形成的細(xì)胞球中部分細(xì)胞呈nestin、BrdU陽性表達(dá)(圖4,A、B),提示培養(yǎng)的前體細(xì)胞為具有自我更新和有絲分裂能力的干細(xì)胞。將培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞球經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)分化后可以觀察到可以觀察到MyosinⅦ-a陽性的毛細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞(圖4 C),提示基底膜上皮來源的細(xì)胞可以形成細(xì)胞球,具有自我更新的能力,經(jīng)過誘導(dǎo)分化后可以形成毛細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞。
圖4 大部分懸浮細(xì)胞球表達(dá)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物nestin(A,綠色熒光),部分培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞達(dá)BrdU(B,綠色熒光),提示部分細(xì)胞具有增殖能力;經(jīng)過誘導(dǎo)分化后可見Myosin VII-a陽性的細(xì)胞(C,紅色熒光)(Bar=20um);Fig.4 As shown below,the most formed otospheres expressed nestin,a marker for neural stem cells(A,Green)in the five groups,and some cells in the spheres showed BrdU incorporation,indicating the capability of proliferation(B,Green)and Myosin VII-a positive cells can be seen after being differentiated for 12 day(C,Red)(Bar=20um).
2.3聯(lián)合嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶可以顯著提高基底膜上皮細(xì)胞的分離效果
本研究計數(shù)了各組形成細(xì)胞球的數(shù)量,如圖5A所示,在C組中,應(yīng)用嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶聯(lián)合消化可獲得最多數(shù)目的細(xì)胞球(290.8±9.754,n= 5),顯著高于其他三組(P<0.05)。為了進(jìn)一步驗證聯(lián)合酶消化分離基底膜上皮細(xì)胞的分離效果,本研究對各組上皮細(xì)胞的純度進(jìn)行了比較。應(yīng)用E-cadherin和cytokeratin18免疫熒光染色來鑒定細(xì)胞的上皮來源。計數(shù)cytokeratin18陽性細(xì)胞并計算其陽性率,比較各組之間cytokeratin18陽性率的差異,結(jié)果提示在胰酶消化組cytokeratin18的陽性率顯著低于其他組(P<0.05,n=10)(圖5B)。
圖5 圖A顯示的是各組中從4個耳蝸中分離得到的細(xì)胞形成的細(xì)胞球的數(shù)目,D組獲得的單細(xì)胞懸液形成的細(xì)胞球顯著高于其他組(*P<0.05);圖B顯示的是各組細(xì)胞cytokeratin-18的陽性率,A組細(xì)胞的陽性率顯著低于其他組(*P<0.05);Fig.5 A shows the number of otospheres formed in 4 cochleae (n = 5).The cells harvested from group D gave rise to the most number of otospheres(significant difference are indicated by *P<0.05).B shows the positive rate of cytokeratin 18 of cells in the four groups.The positive rate in the group A significantly lower than the other three groups(*P<0.05).
哺乳動物耳蝸毛細(xì)胞再生一直以來都是研究的焦點。耳蝸前體細(xì)胞具有一定的自我更新功能,而且在特定條件下具有自發(fā)或者是誘導(dǎo)分化為毛細(xì)胞等內(nèi)耳細(xì)胞的能力[10],使其成為內(nèi)耳毛細(xì)胞再生的潛在干細(xì)胞之一。鐘翠萍等應(yīng)用胰酶消化耳蝸組織成功分離并培養(yǎng)出耳蝸前體細(xì)胞,并證實這些細(xì)胞具有多項分化潛能,在體外培養(yǎng)中可以被誘導(dǎo)分化為毛細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞及神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞等數(shù)種細(xì)胞[11]。而近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同部位來源的前體細(xì)胞可能具有不同的分化潛能,來源于基底膜上皮細(xì)胞形成的細(xì)胞球可被誘導(dǎo)分化為毛細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物陽性的細(xì)胞,而不能形成tubulin陽性的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞,從而被認(rèn)為是毛細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞[7]。因此,建立一種有效地方法來分離培養(yǎng)毛細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞對于毛細(xì)胞再生的研究至關(guān)重要。
既往研究已經(jīng)報道了數(shù)種應(yīng)用于消化大鼠耳蝸組織的消化酶。例如胰蛋白酶,數(shù)個研究報道應(yīng)用胰蛋白酶來分離培養(yǎng)耳蝸前體細(xì)胞[1-3,12]。Doetzlhofer等報道應(yīng)用彈性蛋白酶,膠原酶及胰酶消化基底膜組織成功分離出耳蝸前體細(xì)胞[13]。在本實驗中,我們采用了兩種廣泛應(yīng)用于上皮組織消化的酶,I型膠原酶和嗜熱菌蛋白酶。I型膠原酶被廣泛應(yīng)用于直腸上皮組織或其他上皮組織上皮細(xì)胞的分離培養(yǎng)[14]。但目前為止,尚未見其應(yīng)用于消化基底膜上皮組織的報道。嗜熱菌蛋白酶是另一種廣泛應(yīng)用于消化上皮組織的酶,具有很高的產(chǎn)出性和高的細(xì)胞活性[15-18]。分離新生大鼠的基底膜,并將其分成四組,并用不同方式進(jìn)行酶消化。為了鑒定獲得的細(xì)胞來源,本研究將細(xì)胞進(jìn)行貼壁培養(yǎng),結(jié)果觀察到細(xì)胞聚集生長形成上皮島狀結(jié)構(gòu),細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)出上皮細(xì)胞樣的多邊形結(jié)構(gòu)。絕大部分壁細(xì)胞表達(dá)上皮組織的標(biāo)記物E-cadherin和cytokeratin-18,揭示這些細(xì)胞為上皮來源,通過計數(shù)cytokeratin-18的百分比,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)胰酶消化組細(xì)胞的cytokeratin-18陽性率顯著低于其它組,提示胰酶消化獲得的上皮細(xì)胞純度較低。將各組細(xì)胞進(jìn)行懸浮培養(yǎng)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶獲得的細(xì)胞球數(shù)量顯著高于其它三組,大大提高了基底膜上皮細(xì)胞分離培養(yǎng)的效率。
本研究分離出的基底膜上皮細(xì)胞在懸浮培養(yǎng)條件下可行成細(xì)胞球,這些細(xì)胞球可表達(dá)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物nestin[19]及BrdU,證實本研究所獲得細(xì)胞是具有自我更新能力的干細(xì)胞。為了觀察培養(yǎng)的前體細(xì)胞球的分化潛能,我們將懸浮培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞球轉(zhuǎn)入含B27,N2,EGF,bFGF等生長因子及血清的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液中進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)分化,誘導(dǎo)分化12天后可以觀察到Myosin-VIIa陽性的毛細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞,與文獻(xiàn)報道一致[9]。
該研究初步探索了應(yīng)用聯(lián)合酶消化的方法對耳蝸基底膜上皮細(xì)胞的分離效率,結(jié)果提示基底膜上皮來源的前體細(xì)胞可能是毛細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞,通過采用嗜熱菌蛋白酶和I型膠原酶聯(lián)合消化的方法可顯著提高基底膜上皮細(xì)胞的分離效率,方法簡單,需要的實驗設(shè)備及試劑簡便,可操作性強,具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。
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Separation of cochlear basilar membrane epithelial cells by enzymatic digestion with thermolysin and type I collagenase
MI Wenjuan,SONG Yongli,TIAN Keyong,CHEN Fuquan,ZHA dingjun,QIU Jianhua
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,Xijing Hospital,F(xiàn)ourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710032,China
Corresponding author:QIU JianhuaEmail:qiujh@fmmu.edu.cn
【Abstract】Objective To establish a new method for isolating progenitor cells from cochlear basilar membrane epithelium by combinatorial enzymatic digestion.Methods Basilar membranes were separated from the cochlea of P1-3 neonatal SD rats.The isolated basilar membrane sheets were treated by trypsin digestion(Group A),thermolysin digestion (Group B),type I collagenase digestion(Group C),or combined thermolysin and type I collagenase digestion(Group D).Cells isolated by enzymatic digestion were collected and cultured under suspension and adherent conditions.The number of otospheres,dominance by epithelial cells and proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells were evaluated.Results Cells collected in all four groups gave rise to otospheres,with positive nestin and BrdU expression.Under the differentiation condition,cells from basilar membrane epithelium differentiated into hair cell-like cells.The epithelial origin was confirmed by cytokeratin-18 and E-cadherin staining.Epithelial cells dominance was the greatest in Group D and significantly lower than other three groups in Group A.Conclusions Combinatorial enzymatic digestion with thermolysin and type I collagenase can significantly improve isolation of epithelial cells.This method provides a new tool for cochlear progenitor cells research.
【Key word】Hair cell progenitors;Cell culture;Epithelial cells;Enzymatic digestion;
【中圖分類號】R764
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A
【文章編號】1672-2922(2016)02-255-5
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-2922.2016.02.026
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金海外重大合作項目(81120108008)和國家自然科學(xué)基金(81271069)
作者簡介:米文娟,技師,研究方向:耳鼻喉基礎(chǔ)實驗研究,細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
通訊作者:邱建華,Email:qiujh@fmmu.edu.cn
收稿日期:(2016-01-19審核人:郭維維)