郭華鑫
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腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)對(duì)胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后炎性反應(yīng)和預(yù)后的影響
郭華鑫
430000武漢,解放軍第一六一醫(yī)院營(yíng)養(yǎng)科
【摘要】目的探討腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)對(duì)胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后炎性反應(yīng)和預(yù)后的影響。方法選取2015-04至2016-02我院普外科住院行胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù)切除手術(shù)的患者90例,隨機(jī)分為腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組和腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組,每組45例,分別進(jìn)行腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)和腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療,并于術(shù)前1 d,術(shù)后 1、 3、9 d分別抽取清晨空腹靜脈血檢測(cè)CRP、IL-6、TNF-α,觀察預(yù)后情況。結(jié)果腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組和腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組兩組患者CRP、IL-6、TNF-α差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F分組=26.381、17.574、23.546,均P<0.05);CRP、IL-6、TNF-α術(shù)后1 d均升高(均P<0.05),CRP、IL-6術(shù)后3 d均降低(均P<0.05),其中僅IL-6術(shù)后9 d恢復(fù)至術(shù)前1 d水平,TNF-α術(shù)后9 d顯著降低,但仍高于術(shù)前1 d水平;腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組CRP、IL-6、TNF-α降低幅度均大于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組(F交互=9.542、6.876、7.958,均P<0.05)。腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組的腸鳴音恢復(fù)時(shí)間、首次肛門排氣時(shí)間、首次肛門排便時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)均明顯低于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組,且具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(均P<0.05);腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組切口感染、肺部感染、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染發(fā)生率均低于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組,且具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)可以減輕胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后的炎性反應(yīng),并改善預(yù)后。
【關(guān)鍵詞】腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng);胃腸腫瘤;炎性反應(yīng);預(yù)后
胃腸道腫瘤是發(fā)病率較高的惡性腫瘤[1]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)每年新發(fā)胃腸道腫瘤數(shù)量占全世界每年新發(fā)胃腸道腫瘤的50%,且發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì)[2]。目前,對(duì)于胃腸道腫瘤首選治療方法是手術(shù)切除。但是,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷會(huì)加重免疫功能低下,發(fā)生炎性反應(yīng),增加感染等,反而降低生存質(zhì)量[3]。腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)方式可以代替胃腸道,給患者提供已知的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素,但是其只能做到讓機(jī)體維持正氮平衡,減少體重?fù)p失,不能治療由于腫瘤、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致的免疫功能低下、炎性反應(yīng),甚至?xí)种泼庖吖δ?、加重炎性反?yīng),導(dǎo)致胃腸道黏膜萎縮等并發(fā)癥[4],而腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)方式可以提高機(jī)體的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài),維持胃腸道黏膜的正常狀態(tài)[5]。本研究就是通過探討腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)對(duì)胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后炎性反應(yīng)和預(yù)后的影響,為胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后的腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)治療提供理論依據(jù)。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1對(duì)象選取2015-04至2016-02我院普外科住院行胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù)的患者90例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前通過電子胃鏡、電子腸鏡、全腹部CT檢查均確診為胃腸道腫瘤,均符合胃腸道腫瘤的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6];(2)年齡為30~70歲;(3)有明確手術(shù)指征,均行胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù);(4)術(shù)前心肝脾肺腎等重要器官功能正常;(5)沒有內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)疾病史或者免疫性疾病史;(6)術(shù)前沒有進(jìn)行放射治療、化療、內(nèi)分泌治療等非手術(shù)治療;(7)術(shù)前未合并感染性疾??;(8)所有患者均已簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)妊娠期、哺乳期婦女;(2)有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者隨機(jī)分為腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組和腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組,每組各45例。
1.2營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持治療方法兩組均予以等氮、等熱量[125 kJ/(kg·d)]的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持治療。腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組于術(shù)中設(shè)置鼻空腸營(yíng)養(yǎng)管或者空腸造口管,于術(shù)后1 d時(shí)開始進(jìn)行腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù),營(yíng)養(yǎng)液為添加L-谷氨酰胺30 g/d的能全力腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)混懸液(紐迪希亞制藥有限公司生產(chǎn)),采用輸液泵均勻泵入,術(shù)后1 d給全量的1/3,術(shù)后2 d給全量的2/3,術(shù)后3 d至術(shù)后8 d均予以全量;腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組于術(shù)后1 d時(shí)開始進(jìn)行腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,營(yíng)養(yǎng)液(華瑞公司生產(chǎn))通過周圍靜脈輸入,術(shù)后1 d給全量的1/3,術(shù)后2 d給全量的2/3,術(shù)后3 d至術(shù)后8 d均予以全量。兩組患者在營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持治療期間,均可按照患者的臨床實(shí)際需要進(jìn)行補(bǔ)液及補(bǔ)充電解質(zhì),但都不含口服攝食與服用藥物。
1.3樣品采集及檢測(cè)方法術(shù)前采集收縮壓、舒張壓及BMI信息,并對(duì)所有患者于入院時(shí)抽取清晨空腹靜脈血5 ml,進(jìn)行術(shù)前空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c(%))、總膽固醇(TG)、三酰甘油(TCH)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)的檢測(cè),檢測(cè)儀器采用Vitros-350全自動(dòng)化學(xué)分析儀;對(duì)所有患者于術(shù)前1 d,術(shù)后 1、3、9 d分別抽取清晨空腹靜脈血各5 ml,分離出血清,檢測(cè)C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)、IL-6、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)濃度,采用酶聯(lián)免疫法檢測(cè),檢測(cè)試劑盒采用上海依科賽公司生產(chǎn),嚴(yán)格按照說明書進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
1.4預(yù)后指標(biāo)觀察觀察所有患者腸鳴音恢復(fù)時(shí)間、首次肛門排氣時(shí)間、首次肛門排便時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,并發(fā)癥包括消化系統(tǒng)癥狀、吻合口瘺(出血)、切口感染、腹腔感染、肺部感染、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染。
2結(jié)果
2.1一般情況90例中,男46例,女44例,平均(58.9±10.6)歲。兩組在性別、年齡、BMI、收縮壓、舒張壓、FPG、HbA1c、TG、TCH、HDL-C、LDL-C、手術(shù)時(shí)間、手術(shù)出血量等方面比較,均沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05,表1)。
表1 兩組胃腸道腫瘤患者一般情況比較 [n=45;;(n;%)]
2.2術(shù)后炎性反應(yīng)指標(biāo)兩組患者CRP、IL-6、TNF-α比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F分組=26.381、17.574、23.546,均P<0.05);不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的CRP、IL-6、TNF-α差異也均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F時(shí)間=18.621、11.596、14.382,均P<0.05),CRP、IL-6、TNF-α術(shù)后1 d均顯著升高(均P<0.05),CRP、IL-6術(shù)后3 d均顯著降低(均P<0.05),其中僅IL-6術(shù)后9 d恢復(fù)至術(shù)前1 d水平,TNF-α術(shù)后9 d顯著降低,但仍高于術(shù)前1 d水平;腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組CRP、IL-6、TNF-α降低幅度均大于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組(F交互=9.542、6.876、7.958,均P<0.05)。見表2。
表2 兩組胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后炎性反應(yīng)指標(biāo)比較 (n=45;±s)
注:與腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組比較,①P<0.05;與術(shù)前1 d比較,②P<0.05;與術(shù)后1 d比較,③P<0.05;與術(shù)后3 d比較,④P<0.05
2.3預(yù)后情況腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組的腸鳴音恢復(fù)時(shí)間、首次肛門排氣時(shí)間、首次肛門排便時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)均明顯低于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組且具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(均P<0.05,表3)。并發(fā)癥方面,腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組切口感染、肺部感染、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染發(fā)生率均低于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組且具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(均P<0.05),未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組在消化系統(tǒng)癥狀、吻合口瘺(出血)、腹腔感染方面具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(表4)。
表3 兩組胃腸道腫瘤患者預(yù)后情況比較 (n=45;±s)
表4 兩組胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥與預(yù)后的相關(guān)性 (n;%)
3討論
急性創(chuàng)傷、感染可以誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體淋巴細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等產(chǎn)生多種細(xì)胞因子如IL-6與TNF-α,并誘導(dǎo)肝臟產(chǎn)生急性反應(yīng)蛋白,后者中最重要的就是CRP。CRP是機(jī)體遭受感染或創(chuàng)傷后反應(yīng)最為靈敏的一種急性時(shí)相蛋白,它能激活補(bǔ)體,促進(jìn)粒細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬作用[7-9]。有研究證實(shí)手術(shù)后血清 CRP和手術(shù)損傷程度有密切的相關(guān)性關(guān)系,且有實(shí)驗(yàn)證明手術(shù)后血清 CRP與手術(shù)損傷程度正相關(guān),可以較敏感地反映組織的損傷程度,因此CRP可以作為術(shù)后炎性反應(yīng)的敏感指標(biāo)[10,11]。IL-6與TNF-α也是急性創(chuàng)傷、感染等狀態(tài)下重要的炎性因子,與炎性反應(yīng)均為正相關(guān)關(guān)系,其水平降低會(huì)有利于減輕機(jī)體炎性反應(yīng)[12,13]。
本研究對(duì)腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組和腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組兩組患者CRP、IL-6、TNF-α比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的CRP、IL-6、TNF-α差異也均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,CRP、IL-6、TNF-α術(shù)后1 d均顯著升高,CRP、IL-6術(shù)后3 d均顯著降低,其中僅IL-6術(shù)后9 d恢復(fù)至術(shù)前1 d水平,TNF-α術(shù)后9 d顯著降低,但仍高于術(shù)前1 d水平;腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組CRP、IL-6、TNF-α降低幅度均大于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組。提示腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)比腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)相比,CRP、IL-6、TNF-α降低快,更利于降低炎性反應(yīng),利于機(jī)體盡快康復(fù)。
腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)可以減少手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致的高代謝狀態(tài),維護(hù)胃腸道黏膜的正常功能,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫力,抑制炎性反應(yīng),減少各種感染發(fā)生,進(jìn)而改善預(yù)后[14,15]。本研究對(duì)腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組和腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組預(yù)后情況比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組的腸鳴音恢復(fù)時(shí)間、首次肛門排氣時(shí)間、首次肛門排便時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)均明顯少于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組;并發(fā)癥方面,腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)組切口感染、肺部感染、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染發(fā)生率均低于腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)組,未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組在消化系統(tǒng)癥狀、吻合口瘺(出血)、腹腔感染方面具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。所以,對(duì)胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后進(jìn)行腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù),其在預(yù)后方面比腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
綜上所述,腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)可以減輕胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后的炎性反應(yīng),并改善預(yù)后,所以對(duì)胃腸道腫瘤患者術(shù)后進(jìn)行腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)是安全、有效、可行的。
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(2016-01-20收稿2016-04-20修回)
(責(zé)任編輯武建虎)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:郭華鑫,本科學(xué)歷,主管護(hù)師,中級(jí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)師。
【中國(guó)圖書分類號(hào)】R735
Effect of enteral nutrition on postoperative inflammatory response and prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal tumor
GUO Huaxin.
Department of Nutriology,the No. 161 Hospital of PLA, Wuhan 430000, China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of enteral nutrition on postoperative inflammatory reaction and prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal tumor. Methods90 patients with gastrointestinal tumor in the Department of General Surgery in this hospital from April 2015 to February 2016 were recruited as the research objects. The patients were randomly divided into enteral nutrition intervention group (45 patients) and parenteral nutrition group (45 patients). Fasting venous blood in the morning of 1d before the operation, 1, 3, 9 d after the operation was collected, to test CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and the prognoses of the patients were observed.ResultsThere were significant differences in CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α between the two groups of patients with enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition(Fgroup=26.381, 17.574, 23.546, all P<0.05). CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased after 1d(all P<0.05), CRP, IL-6 3 d after operation were significantly reduced(all P<0.05), among them, only IL-6 9 d after operation recovered to preoperative 1 d level, TNF-α significantly decreased 9 d after operation, but it was still higher than preoperative 1 d level. The reduction of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in the enteral nutrition intervention group were higher than those in the parenteral nutrition group(Finteractive=9.542, 6.876, 7.958, all P<0.05). In enteral nutrition intervention group, the recovery time of bowel sounds, first anal exhaust time, first anal defecation time, postoperative hospitalization days were significantly lower than those in the parenteral nutrition group and had significant differences(all P<0.05). The incidence of incision infection, pulmonary infection and urinary system infection in the intestinal nutrition intervention group were lower than those in the parenteral nutrition group and the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05).ConclusionsEnteral nutrition intervention can reduce postoperative inflammatory reaction and improve the prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal tumor.
【Key words】enteral nutrition; gastrointestinal tumor; inflammatory response; prognosis