牛亨
摘 要:在英語寫作教學中語篇問題并沒有得到足夠的重視,從而造成大都數(shù)學生寫出來的英語作文完全是漢語結構。就高中學生英語寫作而言,可以著重從篇章結構、層次分布、語篇內連貫與銜接等三個方面來概括學生在英語寫作中體現(xiàn)出來的“語篇”漢化現(xiàn)象。
關鍵詞:英語寫作;語篇漢化;例證分析
語篇通常指一系列連續(xù)的話段或句子構成的語言整體。語篇的構成可以短到一個詞,長的則可長達數(shù)百萬字。語篇容涵的內容或對象非常豐富,如語篇結構、信息的分布、會話結構、語篇的指向性、連貫與銜接等等。在英語寫作教學中語篇問題并沒有得到足夠的重視,從而造成大都數(shù)學生在英語作文時根本不注意英語表述的篇章結構特點,寫出來的英語作文完全是漢語結構。就高中學生英語寫作而言,我們著重從篇章結構、層次分布、語篇內連貫與銜接等三個方面來概括學生在英語寫作中體現(xiàn)出來的“語篇”漢化現(xiàn)象。
一、篇章結構的漢化現(xiàn)象
英漢篇章的組織結構存在明顯差異,英語呈直線型(linear)而漢語呈螺旋型(circular/spiral);英語強調嚴格和規(guī)范的語詞系統(tǒng),體現(xiàn)出“形合”特征,而漢語重視直覺,強調意念流,體現(xiàn)出“意合”特征。學生在練習英語寫作時,忽視英語布局謀篇的基本特征從而造成英語作文的漢化現(xiàn)象嚴重。
【習作一】(選自高二學生英語作文)
When I got settled,the total use of the microwave to do their own things to eat.One day,my father saw me,I am afraid to say that I grew up as a cook.I immediately shaken like a rattle-drum head,you said:“That is not my ideal.When I grow up I want to IT(information technology)industries.”Yes,Ibought a compuhter five years ago after his father,I am familiar with it day by day.Until last year,and I have formed a deep bond with it.From tthen on,I want success in the information technology industry to make contributions to the cause of national computer.
這篇短文整體體現(xiàn)出漢語篇章的組織結構呈“螺旋型”展開的特點。而英語篇章的組織結構主要呈現(xiàn)直線型展開,先有主題句,緊接自然銜接的例證句,然后收尾。而該篇短文先從“自己用微波爐做點東西吃”這一主題外的事件作為鋪墊,再通過爸爸的想法,采用轉折性的敘事,引出“我就想要在信息技術行業(yè)取得成就”的理想這一主題上來。很明顯,這種篇章結構完全是按照漢語習慣進行英語寫作,因而并不符合英語表達的篇章結構。
二、層次分布的漢化現(xiàn)象
英漢語篇結構在層次分布上也存在很大差異,層次分布概況來講,包括段落結構、語義分布、邏輯特征等。英語段落與語義分布遵循從一般到具體,從整體到個體的原則,突出“前重心”特點,以推理模式呈現(xiàn),形式結構嚴謹。而漢語段落結構相對自由,語義分布沒有嚴格的限定,體現(xiàn)出“后重心”特點,以歸納模式呈現(xiàn),形成形散而神合的特征。
【習作三】(選自高三學生英語考試作文)
Changds in homd really fast.Previously,clothes ar always broken supplement and complement the Zaichuan.Now,each bought a set of clothes for Gesanchaiwu.Previously,hard to eat things that are thir own species,and so mature and re-hired to eat.Now,people eat on the feast at the table.Previously,hearing his mother say,when there is Shiji Li far from home and school to school are to go on foot a long time.If to a rainy day,the ground bumps and hollows,and go to school,the water was splashing mud all clothes,dirty.And now,home has a new high techcar,this way,even if th long way again, it does not charge leg muscles,but also not worry about anything happening.
Changes in home really fast!I believe that in the near future,we will use our hands to create a better,more advanced equipment,allow people to truly live a comfortable life.Let us for future efforts,hard bar!
這是一篇關于敘述家鄉(xiāng)變化的短文,第一段集中從人們的吃、穿、行三個方面描述了家鄉(xiāng)的變化,而這種表述恰恰不符合英語段落分布規(guī)則,英語段落話題中心具有唯一性,一個段落只能談論一個主題或中心意義,一個段落如果涉及兩個或兩個以上的話題就不規(guī)范。而且,短文明顯體現(xiàn)出漢語語篇的歸納性邏輯特征,是分總結構,而英語語篇的層次分布主要以推理模式呈現(xiàn),是總分總結構。
另外,短文在開篇和結尾都用了“Changes in home really fast”,為了追求首尾呼應效果反而造成重復。前一段敘述的應該是家鄉(xiāng)的變化是多方面的,用“Changs in hom really fast”作為主題句并不恰當,如果改為“Many changes has taken place in my hometown!”更恰當,可以與后段的“Changs in hom really fast!”形成遞進關系,符合英語表述習慣。
三、語篇內連貫與銜接的漢化現(xiàn)象
英漢語言在語篇內的連貫與銜接上存在差異,英語語篇強調段與段之間的遞進與推理關系,強調句與句之間的銜接與邏輯關系,注重前后的緊湊連接。而漢語強調的是思維、語義的貫通,并不注重段與段、句與句之間在連接上的完整統(tǒng)一。
【習作三】(選自高二學生英語作文)
Since I go to high school,I have to walk a very far distance,it always takes me half an hour to reach the school.My father bought me a bike last week, he said it would save me a lot of time.But the problem was that I didnt know how to ride.I needed to learn ride the bike.The first time when I rode the bike,I lost my balance quickly and nearly fell down,my father tried to keep my balance,so that I did not fell to the ground.After I tried for an hour,I started to know how to keep the balance and can rode for a few distance.Then my father stayed away from me and watched me.Without my fathers protection,I scared,but I needed to learn by myself.I fell down many times, but I finally could ride.
這篇短文,如果讓中國學生來評判的話,大部分學生都無法找出其在“銜接手段”中存在的問題。因為漢語思維注重悟性和直覺,語義的銜接靠意會,篇章理解使用直接思維,即使找不到關聯(lián)詞語,讀者也能通過下文和各種意向猜透作者的意思,但英語思維注重邏輯和分析,也就是說英語需要形式的完整統(tǒng)一來實現(xiàn)邏輯的嚴密性。如果希望僅通過語義的照應來論述中心思想的話,從英文的角度看,文章就會存在缺乏銜接手段,意義不連貫,邏輯松散的問題。
總之,篇章結構的漢化現(xiàn)象不像句法、詞類、用語漢化等引起歧義、誤解和錯誤,但要寫好英語作文還是必須按照英語篇章結構進行構思謀篇,否則就不能成為一篇優(yōu)秀的英語作文。