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      完全超聲引導(dǎo)與放射線引導(dǎo)行經(jīng)皮肺動(dòng)脈瓣球囊成形術(shù)的對(duì)比研究

      2017-09-22 03:46:34郭改麗劉倩倩歐陽(yáng)文斌張鳳文劉垚邱旭趙廣智鄒孟軒溫彬潘湘斌
      中國(guó)循環(huán)雜志 2017年9期
      關(guān)鍵詞:肺動(dòng)脈瓣放射線經(jīng)胸

      郭改麗,劉倩倩,歐陽(yáng)文斌,張鳳文,劉垚,邱旭,趙廣智,鄒孟軒,溫彬,潘湘斌

      臨床研究

      完全超聲引導(dǎo)與放射線引導(dǎo)行經(jīng)皮肺動(dòng)脈瓣球囊成形術(shù)的對(duì)比研究

      郭改麗,劉倩倩,歐陽(yáng)文斌,張鳳文,劉垚,邱旭,趙廣智,鄒孟軒,溫彬,潘湘斌

      目的:通過(guò)與傳統(tǒng)放射線引導(dǎo)方法相比較,評(píng)價(jià)完全超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮肺動(dòng)脈瓣球囊成形術(shù)(PBPV)的安全性和有效性。

      方法:收集我院2013-03至2016-08完全超聲引導(dǎo)下行PBPV患者102例(超聲組),同期傳統(tǒng)放射線引導(dǎo)下行PBPV患者280例(放射線組)。兩組患者術(shù)后均以超聲心動(dòng)圖進(jìn)行隨訪和評(píng)價(jià)治療效果。

      結(jié)果:兩組患者年齡、體重、肺動(dòng)脈瓣環(huán)直徑、術(shù)前肺動(dòng)脈瓣跨瓣壓差、球囊直徑、術(shù)后即刻跨瓣壓差、住院時(shí)間及住院費(fèi)用差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。超聲組和放射線組手術(shù)成功率分別為99.0%和100%(P=0.267),超聲組有1例患者因擴(kuò)張后右心室流出道肌肉痙攣轉(zhuǎn)為常規(guī)外科手術(shù)。放射線組術(shù)中操作時(shí)間(min)長(zhǎng)于超聲組(38.9±9.2比34.6±10.0,P<0.001),放射線組放射線時(shí)間為(3.9±1.2)min。術(shù)后門診平均隨訪(25.5±13.2)個(gè)月,超聲組和放射線組肺動(dòng)脈瓣跨瓣壓差(mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)分別為(16.2±4.3比15.3±4.5,P=0.120),兩組患者均無(wú)死亡、外周血管損傷、心臟穿孔、心包積液等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。

      結(jié)論:完全超聲引導(dǎo)下PBPV不僅能夠完全避免放射線及對(duì)比劑,而且保持了傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)皮介入治療微創(chuàng)、安全及療效確切的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

      肺動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄;超聲心動(dòng)描記術(shù); 心臟導(dǎo)管插入術(shù)

      (Chinese Circulation Journal, 2017,32:904.)

      肺動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄(PS)是常見(jiàn)先天性心臟病之一,約占所有先天性心臟病的8%~10%[1]。隨著介入技術(shù)及器材的進(jìn)步,經(jīng)皮肺動(dòng)脈瓣球囊成形術(shù)(PBPV)已成為治療單純PS的首選治療方法[2,3]。但是,傳統(tǒng)PBPV術(shù)中使用放射線對(duì)患者及醫(yī)護(hù)人員骨髓、生殖器和甲狀腺等器官具輻射損傷[4,5],造影時(shí)使用對(duì)比劑存在過(guò)敏和腎功能衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6]。目前,超聲心動(dòng)圖在先心病介入治療中發(fā)揮著越來(lái)越重要的作用[7,8],為此,在完全超聲引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)已成熟開(kāi)展的基礎(chǔ)上[9,10],我院開(kāi)展了完全超聲引導(dǎo)下PBPV,以期能既保留傳統(tǒng)PBPV安全、微創(chuàng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),又能避免放射線的輻射損傷,有效保護(hù)患者及醫(yī)護(hù)人員[11]。本文將通過(guò)與傳統(tǒng)放射線引導(dǎo)方法相比較,評(píng)價(jià)完全超聲引導(dǎo)下PBPV的安全性和有效性。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料收集

      2013-03至2016-08在我院進(jìn)行完全超聲引導(dǎo)下PBPV患者102例(超聲組),年齡11.9±13.3(1.2~63.8)歲,體重30.8±19.6(8.6~89.0)kg。同期放射線引導(dǎo)下PBPV患者280例(放射線組)。年齡14.4±15.4(0.4~65.6)歲,體重33.5±22.2(6.5~95.0)kg。PBPV手術(shù)指征[12]:?jiǎn)渭働S,肺動(dòng)脈瓣跨瓣壓差≥40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):肺動(dòng)脈瓣下漏斗部狹窄;PS伴先天性瓣下狹窄;PS伴瓣上狹窄;重度發(fā)育不良型PS;合并需要外科手術(shù)處理的疾病。兩組患者治療指征及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致。

      1.2 手術(shù)方法

      超聲組患者一般在普通外科手術(shù)室進(jìn)行,患者在術(shù)前均行超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,測(cè)量肺動(dòng)脈瓣環(huán)及肺動(dòng)脈瓣跨瓣壓差(圖1A)。患者取仰臥位,一般局部麻醉或基礎(chǔ)麻醉,如經(jīng)胸超聲圖像欠佳,需采用全麻氣管插管使用經(jīng)食管超聲引導(dǎo)。術(shù)前測(cè)量股靜脈穿刺點(diǎn)至右鎖骨中線第三肋間水平距離(工作距離),術(shù)中在導(dǎo)管及導(dǎo)絲上標(biāo)記工作距離。穿刺右側(cè)股靜脈,置入血管鞘,經(jīng)血管鞘送入6F多功能導(dǎo)管及導(dǎo)絲。在超聲引導(dǎo)下,將導(dǎo)絲及導(dǎo)管送過(guò)三尖瓣進(jìn)入右心室,調(diào)整導(dǎo)管方向,將導(dǎo)絲通過(guò)肺動(dòng)脈瓣送入肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)(圖1B)。經(jīng)導(dǎo)管測(cè)量右心室及肺動(dòng)脈壓力后,交換超硬導(dǎo)絲,沿導(dǎo)絲送入擴(kuò)張球囊(法國(guó)BALT公司)至肺動(dòng)脈瓣環(huán)處,球囊直徑為肺動(dòng)脈瓣環(huán)直徑1.2~1.4倍。固定球囊及導(dǎo)絲,以6~10個(gè)大氣壓充盈球囊,持續(xù)時(shí)間約6~8 s,快速吸癟球囊(圖1C)。退出球囊后,超聲檢查肺動(dòng)脈瓣壓差及肺動(dòng)脈瓣啟閉情況(圖1D),若壓差仍大于40 mmHg,則適當(dāng)增加球囊直徑后再次進(jìn)行擴(kuò)張。若壓差滿意,則送入多功能導(dǎo)管測(cè)量右心室及肺動(dòng)脈壓力。退出導(dǎo)管、導(dǎo)絲及動(dòng)脈鞘,壓迫止血,繃帶包扎,如有氣管插管,一般拔除后返回普通病房。放射線組操作方法同文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[13],術(shù)中未進(jìn)行氣管插管,全程以放射線引導(dǎo)和監(jiān)測(cè)球囊擴(kuò)張全過(guò)程,同時(shí)行超聲檢查評(píng)價(jià)治療效果。

      圖1 完全經(jīng)胸超聲引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮肺動(dòng)脈瓣球囊成形術(shù)中超聲心動(dòng)圖圖像

      1.3 隨訪

      兩組患者均于術(shù)后門診隨訪,行經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖及心電圖復(fù)查。

      1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

      采用SPSS18.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用t檢驗(yàn)和χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      超聲組和放射線組患者資料見(jiàn)表1,兩組患者年齡、體重、術(shù)前肺動(dòng)脈瓣跨瓣壓差、肺動(dòng)脈瓣環(huán)直徑、球囊直徑、術(shù)后即刻肺動(dòng)脈瓣跨瓣壓差、住院時(shí)間及住院費(fèi)用差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。

      表2 兩組患者資料比較

      表2 兩組患者資料比較

      注:括號(hào)內(nèi)為數(shù)值范圍。1 mmHg=0.133 kPa

      102例超聲組患者均未使用放射線,24例(23.5%)患者使用經(jīng)食管超聲引導(dǎo),其余78例(76.5%)患者使用經(jīng)胸超聲引導(dǎo)。超聲組和放射線組手術(shù)成功率分別為99.0%和100%(P=0.267,超聲組有1例1.5歲患者球囊擴(kuò)張后壓差由98 mmHg下降為75 mmHg,超聲提示右心室流出道肌肉肥厚伴痙攣,予β受體阻滯劑治療后,壓差為71 mmHg,術(shù)中即刻改常規(guī)外科手術(shù))。術(shù)中操作時(shí)間為穿刺股靜脈至拔除血管鞘的時(shí)間,放射線組術(shù)中操作時(shí)間(min)長(zhǎng)于超聲組(38.9±9.2比34.6±10.0,P<0.001),放射線組放射線時(shí)間為(3.9±1.2)min。

      術(shù)后門診平均隨訪(25.5±13.2)個(gè)月,超聲組和放射線組肺動(dòng)脈瓣跨瓣壓差(mmHg)分別為(16.2±4.3比15.3±4.5,P=0.120),兩組患者均無(wú)死亡、外周血管損傷、心臟穿孔、心包積液等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。

      3 討論

      自Kan等[14]于1982年報(bào)道采用PBPV治療PS以來(lái),由于該技術(shù)具有微創(chuàng)、安全且療效可靠等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在放射線引導(dǎo)下行PBPV已逐漸取代外科手術(shù)成為單純PS的首選治療方法[2,3]。因接受PBPV的患者多處兒童期,低齡患者受到輻射損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不可忽視[15,16]。開(kāi)展單純超聲引導(dǎo)PBPV[17],充分發(fā)揮了超聲實(shí)時(shí)、動(dòng)態(tài)、圖像直觀的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[17],術(shù)中無(wú)需使用放射線及對(duì)比劑,可以有效保護(hù)患者及醫(yī)護(hù)人員;術(shù)中無(wú)需身著鉛衣等放射線防護(hù)設(shè)備,大大降低醫(yī)護(hù)人員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度;該技術(shù)無(wú)需大型昂貴的造影設(shè)備,易于在各級(jí)醫(yī)院推廣;如在外科手術(shù)室或雜交手術(shù)室開(kāi)展,一旦出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥或球囊擴(kuò)張效果不滿意,可以立即改為常規(guī)外科手術(shù),能最大限度地保障患者安全。在本研究中,與傳統(tǒng)放射線引導(dǎo)相比,使用單純超聲引導(dǎo)行PBPV取得了相似的手術(shù)成功率,不增加住院費(fèi)用及住院時(shí)間,亦未發(fā)生死亡、外周血管損傷、心臟穿孔、心包積液等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,顯示該技術(shù)具有良好的安全性和有效性。

      在傳統(tǒng)的PBPV術(shù)中,放射線的投影式圖像很容易判斷導(dǎo)管、導(dǎo)絲的位置。但是,超聲是切面式圖像,往往不能準(zhǔn)確顯示導(dǎo)管、導(dǎo)絲頭端的位置。為提高手術(shù)成功率和減少并發(fā)癥,首先需要術(shù)前測(cè)量安全距離并且術(shù)中在導(dǎo)管及導(dǎo)絲上標(biāo)記,當(dāng)導(dǎo)管進(jìn)入體內(nèi)達(dá)到該距離后,既可旋轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)管,方便超聲探查導(dǎo)管在心臟內(nèi)的位置。其次,清晰的超聲圖像有利于術(shù)中操作和判斷。經(jīng)胸超聲是一種較可靠的無(wú)創(chuàng)檢查,但易受某些因素如聲窗、肋骨鈣化、胸廓畸形及肺組織的影響;雖然經(jīng)食管超聲需要?dú)夤懿骞埽瑫?huì)增加相應(yīng)費(fèi)用,但其圖像較經(jīng)胸超聲穩(wěn)定和清晰,初學(xué)者或遇到少數(shù)經(jīng)胸超聲圖像不佳的患者時(shí),為提高手術(shù)安全性,應(yīng)使用經(jīng)食管超聲進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)。完全超聲引導(dǎo)下PBPV應(yīng)循序漸進(jìn)開(kāi)展,術(shù)者應(yīng)該具有在放射線引導(dǎo)下完成PBPV術(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),超聲醫(yī)師要有豐富的超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查經(jīng)驗(yàn),能與術(shù)者默契配合。

      綜上所述,完全超聲引導(dǎo)下PBPV在克服輻射損傷的同時(shí),并未增加患者住院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,保持了傳統(tǒng)放射線引導(dǎo)下PBPV術(shù)微創(chuàng)、安全、效果確切的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。隨著手術(shù)病例數(shù)的增多,我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明:在制定嚴(yán)格的手術(shù)指征、成熟的操作規(guī)范并嚴(yán)格培訓(xùn)醫(yī)護(hù)人員后,該技術(shù)具有一定的應(yīng)用前景。

      [1] van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, et al. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 58: 2241-2247.

      [2] Fawzy ME, Hassan W, Fadel BM, et al. Long-term results (up to 17 years) of pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty in adults and its effects on concomitant severe infundibular stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation. Am Heart J, 2007, 153: 433-438.

      [3] 朱杰敏, 凌堅(jiān), 張立仁, 等. 113例經(jīng)皮球囊肺動(dòng)脈瓣成形術(shù)的進(jìn)一步分析. 中國(guó)循環(huán)雜志, 1995, 10: 18-22.

      [4] Meinel FG, Nance JW, Harris BS, et al. Radiation risks from cardiovascular imaging tests. Circulation, 2014, 130: 442-445.

      [5] Perisinakis K, Damilakis J, Theocharopoulos N, et al. Accurate assessment of patient effective radiation dose and associated detriment risk from radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures. Circulation, 2001, 104: 58-62.

      [6] Marenzi G, Lauri G, Assanelli E, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 44: 1780-1785.

      [7] Tzifa A, Gordon J, Tibby SM, et al. Transcatheter atrial septal defect closure guided by colour flow Doppler. Int J Cardiol, 2011, 149: 299-303.

      [8] 劉延玲, 熊鑒然, 王浩, 等. 經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖在心血管病介入性治療的應(yīng)用. 中國(guó)循環(huán)雜志, 1997, 12: 284-286.

      [9] 潘湘斌, 李守軍, 胡盛壽, 等. 經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)的可行性. 中華心血管病雜志, 2014, 42: 744-747.

      [10] Pan XB, Ou-Yang WB, Pang KJ, et al. Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects under transthoracic echocardiography guidance without fluoroscopy or intubation in children. J Interv Cardiol, 2015, 28: 390-395.

      [11] Wang SZ, Ou-Yang WB, Hu SS, et al. First-in-human percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty under echocardiographic guidance only. Congenit Heart Dis, 2016, 11: 716-720.

      [12] 潘湘斌, 胡盛壽, 歐陽(yáng)文斌, 等. 單純超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮肺動(dòng)脈瓣球囊成形術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究. 中華小兒外科雜志, 2015, 36: 286-288.

      [13] 蔣世良, 金敬琳, 徐仲英, 等. 采用10F國(guó)產(chǎn)球囊導(dǎo)管介入治療體重≥10kg兒童肺動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄. 中國(guó)介入心臟病學(xué)雜志, 2014, 22: 545-548.

      [14] Kan JS, White RI, Mitchell SE, et al. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty: a new method for treating congenital pulmonary-valve stenosis. N Engl J Med, 1982, 307: 540-542.

      [15] Pieper PG, Hoendermis ES, Drijver YN. Cardiac surgery and percutaneous intervention in pregnant women with heart disease. Neth Heart J, 2012, 20: 125-128.

      [16] Schubert S, Kainz S, Peters B, et al. Interventional closure of atrial septal defects without fluoroscopy in adult and pediatric patients. Clin Res Cardiol, 2012, 101: 691-700.

      [17] Bartakian S, El-Said HG, Printz B, et al. Prospective randomized trial of transthoracic echocardiography versus transesophageal echocardiography for assessment and guidance of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects in children using the Amplatzer septal occluder. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2013, 6: 974-980.

      Comparative Study Between Complete Ultrasound Guidance and Radiation Guidance in Percutaneous Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty

      GUO Gai-li, LIU Qian-qian, OU-YANG Wen-bin, ZHANG Feng-wen, LIU Yao, QIU Xu, ZHAO Guang-zhi, ZOU Meng-xuan, WEN Bin, PAN Xiang-bin.
      Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing (100037), China

      Objective: To evaluate the safety and ef fi cacy of ultrasound guidance for percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (PBPV) in comparison with conventional X-ray guidance.

      Methods: Our research included in 2 groups: Ultrasound group, n=102 patients with PBPV under ultrasound guidance in our hospital from 2013-03 to 2016-08 and X-ray group, n=280 patients with PBPV under traditional X-ray guidance in our hospital at the same period of time. Post-operative effect was evaluated by echocardiography and compared between 2 groups.

      Results: The patients’ age, body weight, pulmonary artery diameter, immediate post-operative pulmonary transvalvular pressure gradient (PTPG), the in-hospital time and cost were similar between 2 groups, P>0.05. The success rate of operation in Ultrasound group and X-ray group was 99.0% vs 100%, P=0.267. In the ultrasound group, 1 patient was converted to a conventional surgery due to right ventricular out fl ow tract muscle spasm after dilation. The operation time in X-ray group was longer than Ultrasound group, (38.9±9.2) min vs (34.6±10.0) min, P<0.001. The X-ray exposure time was (3.9±1.2) min in X-ray group. The mean follow-up time was (25.5±13.2) months and PTPG in Ultrasound group and X-ray group were (16.2±4.3) mmHg and (15.3±4.5) mmHg, P=0.120. No serious complications as death, peripheral vascular injury, cardiacperforation and pericardial effusion occurred in either group.

      Conclusion: PBPV under complete ultrasound guidance may not only avoid radiation and contrast agent, but also keep the safety and ef fi cacy of minimally invasive conventional percutaneous interventional treatment.

      Pulmonary Valve stenosis; Echocardiography; Heart catheterization

      PAN Xiang-bin, Email: xiangbin428@hotmail.com

      2017-01-19)

      (編輯:常文靜)

      首都臨床特色應(yīng)用研究(2016-BKJ03)

      100037 北京市,中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 國(guó)家心血管病中心 阜外醫(yī)院 心血管外科

      郭改麗 住院醫(yī)師 碩士 主要研究方向?yàn)閺?fù)合技術(shù)治療心血管疾病 Email:glhaiyang123@163.com 通訊作者:潘湘斌Email:xiangbin428@hotmail.com

      R54

      A

      1000-3614(2017)09-0904-04

      10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2017.09.017

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