徐鴻鳴
名詞和冠詞是高考的必考內(nèi)容。大凡只要有名詞出現(xiàn)就會(huì)涉及冠詞的運(yùn)用。因此冠詞必須結(jié)合名詞的使用來(lái)掌握。
一、冠詞
難點(diǎn)形成原因:
1. 分不清元音因素、輔音音素或元音字母、輔音字母。
2. 不能區(qū)分不定冠詞a, an和定冠詞the,不知道什么是特指、泛指。
3. 把握不清特殊情況下冠詞的用法。
4. 沒(méi)有經(jīng)??偨Y(jié)或歸納。
5. 訓(xùn)練量不夠,使用不熟練,易混淆。
冠詞三要素
1. 表示具體含義的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前通常要有冠詞。請(qǐng)改錯(cuò):
①I agree with English teachers view that dictionary is a tool not a walking stick.(2 errors)
②A class master tells us that we must take good care of air conditioner in the classroom.(2 errors)
【解析】①第一處:English teacher前加the。此處英語(yǔ)老師是特指某位英語(yǔ)老師;第二處:dictionary前加a。dictionary是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,前面應(yīng)該有冠詞,因此處為泛指,故使用a。
②第一處A改為The。班主任是特指,應(yīng)使用定冠詞;第二處:air conditioner前加the,空調(diào)是特指教室里的空調(diào),應(yīng)使用the限制。
2. 不可數(shù)名詞,如果不特指,一般不用冠詞;如果特指,要用the。請(qǐng)改錯(cuò):
①We are often told that we should learn to observe everything happening in the society and the nature.(2 errors)
②Water is source of the life, which is a truth that we all know.(2 errors)
【解析】①第一處:society前的the去掉。society表示“社會(huì)”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞,沒(méi)有定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)(形容詞或of短語(yǔ))不用冠詞;第二處nature前的the去掉。nature表示“自然”時(shí),前面不用冠詞。
②第一處:source前加the。此處source是表示特指,即生命之源,前面應(yīng)有定冠詞the;第二處life前的the去掉。life在此是不可數(shù)名詞,前面無(wú)需任何冠詞。
3. 復(fù)數(shù)名詞,如果不特指,前面不用冠詞。如:
As Gorky said, “Books are the ladder of human progress.”
Getting along with friends is an art.
冠詞的特殊用法
1. 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞表示其用途時(shí),前面不用冠詞,如in hospital住院,go to prison蹲監(jiān)獄,by bus/train/plane等。
2. 表示職位或頭銜的可數(shù)名詞在作表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ),以及介詞as后,通常不用冠詞,如president,monitor, headmaster, mayor等。
3. 表示季節(jié)、月份、星期和含Day的節(jié)假日等名詞前不用冠詞,但我國(guó)的陰歷節(jié)前加the。如Childrens Day,Teachers (Teachers ) Day,the Spring Festival。
4. 泛指的三餐、學(xué)科名稱,運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目名詞前,一般不用冠詞,但在play后的樂(lè)器名詞前加the(中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)樂(lè)器名詞使用拼音,不用冠詞)。
5. Man表示“人類”時(shí),與human, mankind相同,不用冠詞,但可用復(fù)數(shù)。
6. 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的名詞前加the,如in the world。但有形容詞修飾,表示“一個(gè)……(樣的)……”時(shí),用不定冠詞,如a better world(一個(gè)更加美好的世界)。
7. 以地名、人名開(kāi)頭的專有名詞前不加冠詞,但由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前加the。如:Wuhan University, the University of Wuhan
8. the加在某些形容詞前,表示某一類人。如:the rich/ poor/ old/ wounded/ living/ dead等。
9. 注意一些固定搭配:in public(比較:make a speech to the public),in surprise/ wonder/ danger/ tears/ comfort, in love with, under pressure, beyond expression等。
二、名詞
學(xué)習(xí)名詞首先務(wù)必確定一個(gè)核心:該名詞是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)。該問(wèn)題涉及冠詞的使用,名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題,主謂一致問(wèn)題,構(gòu)詞法問(wèn)題等。
對(duì)名詞的考查主要在語(yǔ)法填空、短文改錯(cuò)兩大題型中。每年考查最多的主要是名詞單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題以及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換,如名詞變形容詞、名詞變動(dòng)詞等。
名詞的備考要點(diǎn)
1. 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)
注意特殊情況:
(1)單復(fù)數(shù)同形:deer(鹿),fish(魚),sheep(綿羊),means(方法),series(系列),species(物種),crossroads(十字路口),aircraft(飛機(jī)),headquaters(司令部),works(作品)等。
(2)集合名詞:people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽)等作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞總是用復(fù)數(shù)。有的集合名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。如audience,government等。有的則是根據(jù)詞義決定。如:He has a large family. 他有一個(gè)大家庭。
The whole family are all music fans. 全家人都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。
(3)復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),一般是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的中心名詞使用復(fù)數(shù),如:passers-by(過(guò)路人),lookers-on(旁觀者),runners-up(亞軍),mothers-in-law(岳母)。沒(méi)有中心名詞的,在詞尾加s,如:grown-ups(成年人),forget-me-nots(勿忘我),go-betweens(媒人,中間人)
(4)特殊復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成:analysis→analyses(分析),basis→bases(基礎(chǔ)),crisis→crises(危機(jī)),bacterium→bacteria(細(xì)菌),medium→media(媒體),phenomenon→phenomena(現(xiàn)象),criterion→criteria(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))等。
(5)抽象名詞具體化:success(成功的人/事),failure(失敗的人/事),surprise(令人吃驚的人/事),pleasure(令人快樂(lè)的事),honour(光榮的事),must(必須做的事),difficulty(難點(diǎn)、難題),wonder(奇跡),danger(危險(xiǎn)的人/事)等,前面可以加不定冠詞,也可使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
還有一些抽象名詞前可加上不定冠詞,表示“一種/個(gè)……”,少數(shù)中心名詞可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a need(必須做的事),a discovery(發(fā)現(xiàn)),a love(一種愛(ài)),a good time(一段愉快的時(shí)光),a collection of(一次……的收集),a knowledge of(對(duì)……的理解),a history of(一段……的歷史),an understanding of(對(duì)……的理解)等。
2. 名詞構(gòu)詞法
主要涉及名詞變做其他形式的名詞,名詞變形容詞,以及名詞與動(dòng)詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換等。
(1)名詞變做其他名詞
3. 所有格
所有格的問(wèn)題涉及不多,復(fù)習(xí)備考過(guò)程中主要注意名詞所有格的構(gòu)成形式。
過(guò)關(guān)練習(xí)
語(yǔ)法填空 閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
At present, high school students are under increasing 1
(press)to study long hours every day.They spend over 8 hours
2 day studying at school, some of whom even have to attend extra 3 (class)in their spare time.This greatly affects their 4 (healthy)and makes their parents and teachers concerned. To help solve 5 problem, recently, some relevant 6 (govern)departments have made a new regulation that no students shall go to school at weekends or during 7 (office)holidays. We support such a reform and we know that it is essential and important for us students to balance study and 8 (relax). You see, New 9 (year)Day approaching, and Ill make good use of the time to relax. Also, I come to realize that if I can rest well, the 10 (efficient)will be much improved when I come back to school.
短文改錯(cuò)
以下短文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。
Mr. Zhang is sixty year old and has retirement. He taught us the biology when we were in Grade One. He taught very well. He tried his best to make his classes lively. He usually made good preparation for the lessons and was strict with us. Each time we made mistakes in our homeworks, he would ask us to correct it. I was poor in biology. He often helped me with my studying patiently. With his help I made great progresses. He was such kind to his students. As experienced teacher, he was respected and loved by all the students.
參考答案
語(yǔ)法填空
1. pressure 2. a 3. classes 4. health 5. the 6. government 7. official 8. relaxation 9. Years 10. efficiency
短文改錯(cuò)
1. year--years 2. retirement—retired 3. the biology中的the去掉4. preparation--preparations 5. homeworks--homework 6. it--them 7. studying—study 8. progresses--progress 9.such—so 10. experienced前加an
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青