宋亞剛 陶倩 司虎克
摘 要:以SCI-E和SSCI所收錄期刊中的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)文獻(xiàn)為研究對(duì)象,運(yùn)用CiteSpaceⅡ軟件對(duì)2010年以來(lái)國(guó)際上有關(guān)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的2 282篇期刊文獻(xiàn)及引文網(wǎng)絡(luò)以知識(shí)圖譜形式進(jìn)行呈現(xiàn),并對(duì)其前沿研究熱點(diǎn)及主題詞聚類演化路徑進(jìn)行內(nèi)容分析。結(jié)果顯示:當(dāng)前國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究正處于一個(gè)快速發(fā)展時(shí)期,研究力量主要集中在美國(guó)、西班牙、英國(guó)、澳大利亞、加拿大、意大利、德國(guó)等籃球職業(yè)化發(fā)展水平較高、影響范圍較廣的國(guó)家或地區(qū);研究領(lǐng)域涉及體育科學(xué)、心理學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)、骨科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、康復(fù)學(xué)、生理學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和工程學(xué)等學(xué)科領(lǐng)域,多學(xué)科交叉融合研究、高影響力的研究成果不斷涌現(xiàn)、研究領(lǐng)域不斷拓寬是現(xiàn)代國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究發(fā)展的重要特征;研究熱點(diǎn)主要集中于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷與預(yù)防、特殊人群(兒童、女性);演化路徑緊緊圍繞籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷與康復(fù)相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員生理反應(yīng)評(píng)定相關(guān)研究、籃球精英運(yùn)動(dòng)員相關(guān)研究及籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展水平相關(guān)研究7大知識(shí)群聚類簇而展開。
關(guān)鍵詞:籃球;研究特征;研究熱點(diǎn);研究演化;內(nèi)容分析;知識(shí)圖譜;可視化
中圖分類號(hào):G 841 學(xué)科代碼:040303 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Abstract:Taking SCI-E and SSCI international basketball journal literature as the research objects, using CiteSpaceⅡsoftware of relevant international basketball since 2010 study of 2282 journal articles and citation network in the form of knowledge map for rendering, and its cutting-edge research hot spot and subject cluster evolution path for content analysis. The results show that the current international basketball research is in a period of rapid development, research strength mainly concentrating in the United States, Spain, Britain, Australia, Canada, Italy, Germany where professional basketball development level is higher and more influential. The research fields include sports science, psychology, social science, science, economics, rehabilitation medicine, physiology, statistics, and engineering disciplines, where multidisciplinary cross fusion research, high impact research constantly emerging, broadening the research field are the important features of modern international basketball research development. The research hotspots revolve around basketball athletic performance, basketball sports training, sports injury and prevention, and special groups (children, women). The evolution path is closely around basketball-related research vibration training, basketball sports injury and rehabilitation research, data mining research, basketball dynamic posture stability studies, basketball athletes physiological response evaluation of related research, elite athletes related research and development level of basketball related research knowledge cluster of seven types of clusters.
Keywords:basketball;research features; research hotspot;research evolution; content analysis; knowledge map; visualization
籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展,已有100余年的歷史。籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的理論研究為籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展提供了強(qiáng)有力的理論支持。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來(lái),籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展越來(lái)越依賴深厚的理論研究基礎(chǔ)及超強(qiáng)的科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化能力。如何正確把握現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),提高我國(guó)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的整體發(fā)展水平,是當(dāng)前我國(guó)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)理論研究者應(yīng)關(guān)注的課題。鑒于此,本研究借助當(dāng)前國(guó)際上較先進(jìn)的信息可視化軟件CiteSpaceⅡ,并結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)計(jì)量分析方法,對(duì)2010—2016年收錄在SCI-E和SSCI期刊中的2 282篇籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行定量與定性分析,以期揭示當(dāng)前國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的研究特征、研究熱點(diǎn)及演化路徑,希望能夠?yàn)橥苿?dòng)我國(guó)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)理論研究發(fā)展提供幫助。
1 研究方法
1.1 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
數(shù)據(jù)源來(lái)自美國(guó)科學(xué)情報(bào)研究所(ISI)Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。檢索式“TS(主題)=“Basketball”,文獻(xiàn)類型=(Article),語(yǔ)言=(English),檢索文獻(xiàn)時(shí)間跨度為“2010年1月—2016年12月”,合計(jì)檢索2 282篇文獻(xiàn),將檢索文獻(xiàn)以下純文本TXT格式下載,來(lái)源文獻(xiàn)包括作者、題名、出版物、摘要、引用參考文獻(xiàn)字段。
1.2 研究方法
本研究選用基于Java平臺(tái)的CiteSpaceⅡ信息可視化軟件作為主要分析工具,信息可視化技術(shù)使人們更便捷地觀察、瀏覽和理解信息,并且找到數(shù)據(jù)中隱藏的規(guī)律和模式[1],CiteSpaceⅡ軟件可以將復(fù)雜抽象的數(shù)據(jù)用圖譜的形式清晰、直觀地展現(xiàn)出來(lái),以便于研究者進(jìn)一步分析數(shù)據(jù)、發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律,是一種適于多元、分時(shí)、動(dòng)態(tài)的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的新一代信息可視化技術(shù)軟件[2],現(xiàn)已成為國(guó)際文獻(xiàn)計(jì)量學(xué)研究的主要研究方法之一。本研究技術(shù)脈絡(luò)圖譜如圖1所示。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 研究特征
2.1.1 研究力量分布
筆者對(duì)2 282篇研究文獻(xiàn)的全球分布情況(見表1)進(jìn)行分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),其發(fā)文數(shù)量在地理分布上很不均衡,大部分文獻(xiàn)產(chǎn)出主要來(lái)自歐美國(guó)家,反映出當(dāng)前國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究在地區(qū)與國(guó)家間發(fā)展水平參差不齊。就國(guó)家而言,排名前5位的國(guó)家分別是美國(guó)、西班牙、英國(guó)、澳大利亞和加拿大。其中,美國(guó)在發(fā)文數(shù)量上處于“一枝獨(dú)秀”的地位,在一定程度上引領(lǐng)著現(xiàn)代國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的方向。就大洲而言,研究力量居前3位的是北美洲、歐洲和大洋洲。其中:歐美國(guó)家共有15個(gè),其文獻(xiàn)量總和為2 161篇;研究力量相對(duì)薄弱的地區(qū)是非洲;亞洲的研究力量主要集中在中國(guó)(61篇)和日本(55篇),而其他地區(qū)相對(duì)薄弱。
2.1.2 研究機(jī)構(gòu)分布
對(duì)國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)科研機(jī)構(gòu)統(tǒng)計(jì)后發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)文10篇以上的科研機(jī)構(gòu)共94所,其中高校占83所,發(fā)文量總和占87.52%。發(fā)文量排名前5位的機(jī)構(gòu)分別是俄亥俄州立大學(xué)(65篇)、辛辛那提大學(xué)(43篇)、圣保羅大學(xué)(36篇)、馬德里大學(xué)法學(xué)院(33篇)和格羅寧根國(guó)立大學(xué)(31篇)。發(fā)文量3篇以上的中國(guó)機(jī)構(gòu)有香港大學(xué)(8篇)、香港理工大學(xué)(7篇)、香港教育學(xué)院(4篇)、李寧體育通信和信息技術(shù)科技部(3篇)、上海體育學(xué)院(3篇)、清華大學(xué)(3篇)、澳門大學(xué)(3篇)。表明在國(guó)際上籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)科研機(jī)構(gòu)主要集中在大學(xué),特別是一些國(guó)際知名的研究型綜合大學(xué),對(duì)促進(jìn)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)理論研究、訓(xùn)練實(shí)踐研究等起到了非常重要的作用;但我國(guó)關(guān)于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的整體實(shí)力與其他國(guó)家相比還比較弱,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)學(xué)術(shù)之間的相互聯(lián)系與探討,鼓勵(lì)不同的科研機(jī)構(gòu)之間進(jìn)行交流與合作,實(shí)現(xiàn)資源共享和互補(bǔ),對(duì)于我國(guó)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的發(fā)展和我國(guó)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的國(guó)際影響力提升具有一定的促進(jìn)作用。
2.1.3 主要學(xué)科分布
在CiteSpaceⅡ功能參數(shù)區(qū)對(duì)參數(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)置,時(shí)區(qū)分割(Time Slicing)值為1(即選擇每1年為1個(gè)時(shí)間間隔,將近6年的文獻(xiàn)分為6個(gè)時(shí)間區(qū)跨),節(jié)點(diǎn)類型選擇學(xué)科類別(Category),閾值項(xiàng)選擇“Top N%per slice”,節(jié)點(diǎn)閾值設(shè)定為每個(gè)時(shí)間區(qū)隔內(nèi)頻次最高的50%,運(yùn)行軟件通過(guò)關(guān)鍵路徑算法進(jìn)行聚類分析,得到由84個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)和110條連線組成的國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究學(xué)科共現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖譜,如圖2所示。圖譜中的每一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)表示1個(gè)學(xué)科類別,節(jié)點(diǎn)的大小與其頻次成正比,節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的連線次數(shù)和距離的遠(yuǎn)近反映節(jié)點(diǎn)間的共現(xiàn)頻次和研究關(guān)系的親疏,節(jié)點(diǎn)向外延伸的不同顏色圓圈描述了該學(xué)科在不同年份的頻次時(shí)間序列,圓圈的厚度與相應(yīng)年份出現(xiàn)的頻次成正比。
從圖2可見,現(xiàn)代國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究不只局限于體育學(xué)科領(lǐng)域,多學(xué)科交叉融合研究逐步成為現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的主要表征之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),本研究所題錄的2 282篇籃球文獻(xiàn)共涉及93個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域,出現(xiàn)頻次超過(guò)100次的學(xué)科主要有體育科學(xué)(1 125次)、心理學(xué)(343次)、社會(huì)科學(xué)(329次)、骨科學(xué)(242次)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(210次)、康復(fù)學(xué)(121次)、生理學(xué)(113次)和工程學(xué)(111次)。從中介中心性來(lái)看,中心性最高的是心理學(xué)(0.39),其次為工程學(xué)(0.32)、兒科學(xué)(0.30)、社會(huì)科學(xué)(0.29)、骨科學(xué)(0.27)、公共學(xué)(0.26),圍繞這些關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)形成了7個(gè)現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的主要學(xué)科群:社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)科群、心理學(xué)學(xué)科群、工程學(xué)學(xué)科群、運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)科群、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)學(xué)科群、管理學(xué)學(xué)科群和生理學(xué)學(xué)科群,多學(xué)科的認(rèn)識(shí)方法和研究角度使現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者們的視野更加開闊。與此同時(shí),各學(xué)科和各專業(yè)的相互交叉融合也為人們深入理解籃球運(yùn)動(dòng),提供了一定的理論基礎(chǔ)。
2.2 國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)前沿研究熱點(diǎn)內(nèi)容分析
關(guān)鍵詞是一篇文獻(xiàn)主題的高度概括,對(duì)于從整體上把握某一領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)有一定代表意義[3]。中介中心性(以下簡(jiǎn)稱中介性)是社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一項(xiàng)重要判定指標(biāo),被定義為“網(wǎng)絡(luò)中經(jīng)過(guò)某點(diǎn)并連接這兩點(diǎn)的最短路徑占這兩點(diǎn)之間的最短路徑線總數(shù)之比”[4]。中介中心性高的節(jié)點(diǎn)通常位于連接2個(gè)不同聚類的路徑上[5]。這類節(jié)點(diǎn)一般被認(rèn)為是具有重大理論創(chuàng)新的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn),是推動(dòng)某研究領(lǐng)域向前發(fā)展的主要源泉,被稱之為“知識(shí)拐點(diǎn)”。
在CiteSpaceⅡ控制面板上設(shè)置:“Time Slicing”值為1;節(jié)點(diǎn)類型選擇“關(guān)鍵詞”(Keyword);閾值項(xiàng)選擇“Top N per slice”,節(jié)點(diǎn)閾值設(shè)定為每個(gè)時(shí)間區(qū)跨度中共被引頻次最高的40個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。完成相關(guān)設(shè)置后,運(yùn)行CiteSpaceⅡ軟件通過(guò)最小生成樹算法進(jìn)行聚類分析,最后得到以高中心性形式展示的由80個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)和170條連線織成的關(guān)鍵詞共現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖譜和最后選擇出的前15個(gè)高頻關(guān)鍵詞,如圖3和表2所示。
通過(guò)對(duì)圖3和表2中的高頻關(guān)鍵詞的聯(lián)系以及同類關(guān)鍵詞的合并進(jìn)行歸納,發(fā)現(xiàn)目前國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究共有4個(gè)熱點(diǎn)內(nèi)容:籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷及預(yù)防、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、特殊人群(兒童、女性)。對(duì)這4個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域中的高被引文獻(xiàn)和經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行內(nèi)容分析,具體如下。
2.2.1 籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)
實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)一直是國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)科研工作者共同追求的目標(biāo),籃球理論研究和籃球訓(xùn)練實(shí)踐研究是為提升籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)而進(jìn)行的。據(jù)相關(guān)研究[6-7]表明,充沛的睡眠、積極的情緒狀態(tài)有助于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)揮最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)。Wallace等[8]對(duì)2011年NBA季后賽關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究,他認(rèn)為比賽關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻的壓力是影響球員運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的最主要因素,建議球隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)該加強(qiáng)模擬面臨比賽關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻的技戰(zhàn)術(shù)訓(xùn)練和球員心理輔導(dǎo)。Simmons等[9]的研究指出預(yù)期的薪酬分配對(duì)球隊(duì)和個(gè)人績(jī)效有積極的影響,球隊(duì)和個(gè)人的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)在本質(zhì)上與薪酬不平等是相互正交的。Clay等[10]指出以往的球隊(duì)成績(jī)對(duì)今后球員在關(guān)鍵比賽中的籃球表現(xiàn)指標(biāo)有(投籃命中率、籃板、失誤等)顯著影響,主要表現(xiàn)在球隊(duì)進(jìn)攻和防守效率的得分上。Chuang等[11]指出運(yùn)動(dòng)技能的準(zhǔn)備階段,注意力被認(rèn)為是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)最重要的因素之一,在罰籃之前,球員保持穩(wěn)定的情緒和相對(duì)持續(xù)的專注力會(huì)促進(jìn)其運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)。
2.2.2 籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷及預(yù)防
世界牙科聯(lián)合會(huì)(FDI)已將籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)列為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的一種。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),在美國(guó)每年有多達(dá)380萬(wàn)次運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷事故發(fā)生在競(jìng)技體育項(xiàng)目中,特別是在足球、曲棍球、橄欖球和籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目中的發(fā)病率最高[12]。Burnham等[13]的研究表明,造成籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷2大主要原因:首先是跳躍,受傷率達(dá)到43%;其次是運(yùn)動(dòng)員碰撞,受傷率達(dá)到10%。Long等[14]和Lesic等[15]指出專業(yè)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員最常見的受傷部分主要是下肢,其中,膝關(guān)節(jié)受傷率最高(23.7%),其次是踝關(guān)節(jié)(11.3%)、背部(10.5%),牙齒損傷和顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)損傷及口腔肌肉僵硬相對(duì)少見,只有16%,但軟組織的撕裂和挫傷是籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員主要的傷病,達(dá)到了84%。Azodo等[16]曾對(duì)尼日利亞貝寧市籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員面部損傷情況進(jìn)行過(guò)調(diào)查,調(diào)查顯示,嘴唇和牙齦損傷最為常見,發(fā)生率分別為62.8%,損傷原因主要是來(lái)自于對(duì)手的肘部、摔倒及與其他球員的碰撞。Eils等[17]和Riva等[18]指出多學(xué)科損傷預(yù)防的介入及比賽規(guī)則對(duì)有效預(yù)防籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害是十分必要的,此外,長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持本體感受訓(xùn)練可以有效降低運(yùn)動(dòng)員在籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中發(fā)生踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷、膝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷及腰痛等運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害的概率。
2.2.3 籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練
通過(guò)圖3和表2可以看出,關(guān)于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員爆發(fā)力訓(xùn)練及穩(wěn)定性訓(xùn)練是近幾年來(lái)國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練領(lǐng)域中的研究熱點(diǎn)。Rexhepi[19]認(rèn)為大腿周長(zhǎng)、胸圍、心率是影響籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢爆發(fā)力的3個(gè)重要變量,大腿體積較大、胸圍周長(zhǎng)較長(zhǎng)、心率較低的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員,其下肢爆發(fā)力一般比較高。Stojanovic[20]研究指出,反復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)跳躍是影響籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員重復(fù)沖刺能力的預(yù)測(cè)因子,教練員在訓(xùn)練階段應(yīng)投入更多時(shí)間用于發(fā)展球員的爆發(fā)力,以提高球員的重復(fù)沖刺能力。Lane[21]的研究表明,長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持適度的阻力訓(xùn)練有助于提高籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的身體爆發(fā)力。Mikolajec[22]指出運(yùn)動(dòng)前充分拉伸肌肉有助于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽中發(fā)揮更好的垂直跳躍能力,5~20 m的沖刺跑對(duì)于提高球員的下肢爆發(fā)力很有幫助。Harries[23]指出垂直跳躍和沖刺跑能力是衡量青少年籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員爆發(fā)力強(qiáng)弱的2項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo),科學(xué)的抵抗訓(xùn)練干預(yù)可以有效提高肌肉爆發(fā)力量。Carvalho等[24]指出骨骼密度、身體形態(tài)和大腿肌肉質(zhì)量是造成青少年籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員爆發(fā)力差異的重要因素,其中,身體形態(tài)最為重要。Gerodimos等[25]通過(guò)2次等長(zhǎng)收縮測(cè)試,對(duì)青春期前(9.8±0.7)歲,青少年(14.4±0.6)歲和成人(26.1±5.6)歲3組籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的握力穩(wěn)定性分別進(jìn)行了測(cè)試,測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示,握力穩(wěn)定性的大小與年齡顯著相關(guān),年齡越大,握力穩(wěn)定性越大。Carvalho等[26]指出青少年籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員技術(shù)技能越熟練,其膝關(guān)節(jié)等速運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度就越穩(wěn)定,建議教練員在設(shè)定測(cè)試青少年籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員膝關(guān)節(jié)等速運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)時(shí),應(yīng)充分考慮球員的年齡、身體形態(tài)及訓(xùn)練經(jīng)驗(yàn)等指標(biāo)。Markwick等[27]通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)得出,籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員在起跳達(dá)到20 cm~40 cm~50 cm中、遠(yuǎn)距離跳投高度時(shí),其生理反應(yīng)強(qiáng)度指數(shù)(RSI)最高,投籃命中率也相對(duì)較高。
2.2.4 特殊人群(兒童、女性)
通過(guò)對(duì)相關(guān)高被引文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行內(nèi)容分析,目前國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)特殊人群研究主要針對(duì)兒童與女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害而展開。Randazzo等[28]研究顯示,兒童發(fā)生籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害的最常見部位主要集中于下肢扭傷,腳踝扭傷發(fā)病率最高,男孩容易發(fā)生肌肉撕裂、骨折或脫臼,女孩容易發(fā)生膝蓋傷害,兒童(15~19歲)發(fā)生下肢傷害的可能性高達(dá)3倍,年齡較小的兒童(5~10歲)更有可能發(fā)生上肢骨折或脫位等傷害。Haran[29]和Cusimano等[30]研究指出,兒童青少年籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)腦震蕩損傷易發(fā)生在平均年齡(12.7±0.27)歲,其中,男性占比在81%~83%,發(fā)生的原因主要是兒童青少年自身沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格遵循指南;其次,教練員、家長(zhǎng)沒(méi)有對(duì)發(fā)生相關(guān)腦震蕩的兒童青少年進(jìn)行正式評(píng)估就讓其繼續(xù)參加比賽。Broderick[31]建議兒童每周至少參加2~3次運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度適量的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng),這樣可以有效降低患血友病的概率。Arias等[32]指出選擇使用小質(zhì)量球(440 g,69~71 cm)或大質(zhì)量球(540 g,69~71 cm)作為兒童一對(duì)一比賽用球,可以有效提高兒童投籃表現(xiàn)、處理球能力及預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害的發(fā)生。
運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷是女子籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員比賽或訓(xùn)練過(guò)程中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)性疾病。相關(guān)研究[33-36]顯示,女子籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷是其最常見的損傷疾病,其次是前交叉韌帶損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),目前主要的預(yù)防措施是使用系帶踝關(guān)節(jié)支架和ACL重建手術(shù)。Myer等[37]對(duì)女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員髕骨痛(PFP)發(fā)生率進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果顯示,膝關(guān)節(jié)外展落地容易增加PFP的發(fā)生率。LaBella等[38]研究表明,神經(jīng)肌肉熱身可以大大減少女子高中籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的非接觸性傷害。Benis等[39]指出采用動(dòng)態(tài)聯(lián)合控制訓(xùn)練可以有效改善女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的姿勢(shì)控制和下肢穩(wěn)定性,將神經(jīng)肌肉訓(xùn)練融入到籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的訓(xùn)練中,可以增強(qiáng)球員踝關(guān)節(jié)保護(hù)意識(shí),降低下肢受傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Cengizhan[40]指出為期6周的高強(qiáng)度爆發(fā)性訓(xùn)練對(duì)15~17歲女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的腿部、背部、握力、敏捷性、速度和連續(xù)性等運(yùn)動(dòng)特征有積極的影響。Corredoira等[41]認(rèn)為全身振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以提高女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的跳躍能力和身體柔韌性。Santos等[42]指出放松訓(xùn)練對(duì)女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員姿勢(shì)控制、跳躍表現(xiàn)和肌電活動(dòng)有著積極影響。Herrington[43]指出女子籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員持續(xù)進(jìn)行4周跳躍訓(xùn)練,每周3次,每次持續(xù)15 min,可以有效預(yù)防膝關(guān)節(jié)外翻,提高跨跳性能。Taylor等[44]指出8周的乳清蛋白(WP)補(bǔ)充可以有效改善女子籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員身體組成成分及運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)。Rienhof等[45]、Brandenburg等[46]及Oudejans等[47]指出注意力、動(dòng)作技術(shù)及體液平衡狀態(tài)是影響女子籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員投籃命中率的重要因素。Podmenik等[48]指出國(guó)際籃球聯(lián)合會(huì)(FIBA)為了提高女子球員投籃命中率,在2004—2005賽季引進(jìn)6號(hào)球,結(jié)果表明,雖然三分投籃的次數(shù)增加了,但6號(hào)籃球的引入并沒(méi)有提高投籃精度(罰球是唯一的例外)。ATL等[49]提出全場(chǎng)3-3對(duì)抗賽可以提高女子籃球團(tuán)隊(duì)配合默契程度,而要專注于提高球員技術(shù)動(dòng)作則應(yīng)該安排半場(chǎng)3-3對(duì)抗賽比較合適。
2.3 國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)主題研究演化內(nèi)容分析
在CiteSpaceⅡ功能面板中時(shí)間區(qū)隔選擇1a;節(jié)點(diǎn)類型選擇“文獻(xiàn)共被引”(Cited Reference),閾值項(xiàng)選擇“Top N% per slice”,節(jié)點(diǎn)閾值設(shè)定為每個(gè)時(shí)間區(qū)隔內(nèi)頻次最高的30%,運(yùn)行軟件,繪制出了由99個(gè)共被引節(jié)點(diǎn)和140條共被引連線組成的國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究文獻(xiàn)共被引聚類圖譜,如圖4所示??梢钥闯?,國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究文獻(xiàn)共被引網(wǎng)絡(luò)自動(dòng)生成了9個(gè)主要的知識(shí)群聚類,通過(guò)對(duì)其內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步分析與歸納,最后將其整合為7大前沿領(lǐng)域知識(shí)群聚類。表3列出了與圖4各個(gè)聚類簇中相關(guān)節(jié)點(diǎn)所代表的高中心性“知識(shí)拐點(diǎn)”文獻(xiàn),通過(guò)對(duì)這些具有代表性的節(jié)點(diǎn)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行內(nèi)容分析,可以進(jìn)一步揭示國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的知識(shí)演化路徑。
2.3.1 知識(shí)群C1:籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練相關(guān)研究
Riemann等[50]和Myers等[51]研究指出,振動(dòng)刺激能以較小的負(fù)荷在短期內(nèi)有效刺激肌肉本體感受器,提高中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)能力,改善神經(jīng)肌肉協(xié)調(diào)性。Colson[52]提出將振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練與傳統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練相結(jié)合可以在短期內(nèi)有效地加強(qiáng)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的伸膝力量和跳躍性能。Luo[53]提出振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可選擇的訓(xùn)練方案很多,其中振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的頻率和振幅最重要,因?yàn)檎穹皖l率直接決定了神經(jīng)-肌肉系統(tǒng)所承受的負(fù)荷強(qiáng)度是否適宜。Jackson等[54]和Kihlberg等[55]指出采用范圍在2~4 mm,振動(dòng)頻率在30~50 Hz的振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練是能夠?qū)∪猱a(chǎn)生最佳力量訓(xùn)練效果的頻率范圍。Corredoira[56]通過(guò)對(duì)西班牙聯(lián)賽2隊(duì)中的12名女子籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以顯著提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的彈跳力和靈活性。Delecluse等[57]通過(guò)有無(wú)振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)照組實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),振動(dòng)組膝關(guān)節(jié)等張收縮力量和CMJ成績(jī)比無(wú)振動(dòng)組明顯提高。Jacobs等[58]實(shí)驗(yàn)得出振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以有效地改善運(yùn)動(dòng)員柔韌素質(zhì)?;@球運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)動(dòng)作技術(shù)要求較高、強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作協(xié)調(diào)性,較強(qiáng)的平衡能力是籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)揮訓(xùn)練水平、完成技術(shù)動(dòng)作的基本要求,也是預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的重要保障。Ramseydk等[59]和Valentine等[60]指出振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以通過(guò)募集更多的運(yùn)動(dòng)單位反射性地增加肌纖維的收縮、引起血睪酮和生長(zhǎng)激素濃度增高、促進(jìn)肌群之間平衡協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,從而有效增加肌肉力量,而肌力的增加對(duì)增強(qiáng)關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性、提高本體感覺(jué)及平衡功能有重要意義。關(guān)于振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在籃球常規(guī)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練中振動(dòng)負(fù)荷的界定及實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,側(cè)重于對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員整體運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練負(fù)荷的安排研究,同時(shí),更加注重對(duì)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的專項(xiàng)特征和目標(biāo)需求的探索,研究范圍廣泛,涉及主題較多,取得了一定的學(xué)術(shù)成果,為現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的科學(xué)化奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。
2.3.2 知識(shí)群C2:籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷與康復(fù)相關(guān)研究
前交叉韌帶(ACL)損傷是籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)中最常見的運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷疾病。Vauhnik等[61]對(duì)斯洛文尼亞2003—2004賽季女子職業(yè)籃球、手球和排球隊(duì)的585名運(yùn)動(dòng)員調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的ACL損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高(P=0.04)。Krosshaug等[62]的實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的膝關(guān)節(jié)平均彎曲度比男性高(P=0.042),女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)生膝蓋外翻傷病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是男性運(yùn)動(dòng)員的5.3倍,加強(qiáng)膝蓋關(guān)節(jié)控制能力,避免做過(guò)多的外翻運(yùn)動(dòng),可以有效地預(yù)防前交叉韌帶損傷。Hewett等[63]指出在做相同落地和旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)作時(shí)女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員前交叉韌帶損傷的發(fā)生概率是男性運(yùn)動(dòng)員的4~6倍,提出了獨(dú)特的神經(jīng)肌肉訓(xùn)練方法來(lái)減少運(yùn)動(dòng)員膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷概率,從被動(dòng)恢復(fù)向主動(dòng)預(yù)防理念轉(zhuǎn)移。Stevenson等[64]系統(tǒng)性地評(píng)估了一種降低女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員前交叉韌帶損傷的神經(jīng)肌肉訓(xùn)練方案,實(shí)驗(yàn)證明它是一種有效的預(yù)防ACL損傷的輔助手段。Mccarthy等[65]提出ACL重建術(shù)是美國(guó)WNBA精英運(yùn)動(dòng)員最常見的前交叉韌帶損傷修復(fù)方法,不容易使傷病再次復(fù)發(fā),而且不影響運(yùn)動(dòng)員的職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)壽命。Stojanovic等[66]提出一種將拉伸、本體感受、力量、增強(qiáng)式訓(xùn)練和敏捷性訓(xùn)練與額外的語(yǔ)言或視覺(jué)反饋訓(xùn)練相結(jié)合的方案可以有效降低女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員ACL的發(fā)生率。Argajova等[67]指出歐美籃球教練員采用的最有效的運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷預(yù)防和處理措施是:韌帶組織重建(≥82%)和準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)(≥80%),最常見的預(yù)防措施,包括拉伸(96.7%)、熱身(85.1%)和強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練(65.3%),集中部位主要是膝關(guān)節(jié)(95%)和踝關(guān)節(jié)(83.7%)。關(guān)于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)中的運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷與機(jī)體康復(fù)的研究,內(nèi)容包括了訓(xùn)練和比賽中運(yùn)動(dòng)性傷病的易發(fā)生群體、發(fā)病率、損傷的程度、病因與預(yù)防措施等。無(wú)論是在常規(guī)的籃球訓(xùn)練還是正式比賽中,運(yùn)動(dòng)前的熱身與運(yùn)動(dòng)后的牽拉尤其受到重視,并且教練員應(yīng)當(dāng)適時(shí)地更新訓(xùn)練理念,主動(dòng)地去預(yù)防傷病。
2.3.3 知識(shí)群C3:籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘相關(guān)研究
隨著信息傳輸技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,對(duì)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽中的技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)和技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析與數(shù)據(jù)挖掘成為一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。Lbanez等[68]對(duì)西班牙籃球聯(lián)賽在2000—2001和2005—2006年的870場(chǎng)常規(guī)賽數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析并建模,分析結(jié)果可以幫助各球隊(duì)教練組有針對(duì)性地制訂訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃、比賽策略,還可以用于組建球隊(duì)。Sampaio等[69]利用NBA、ACB和LCB球隊(duì)3個(gè)賽季數(shù)據(jù)分別對(duì)后衛(wèi)、前鋒和中鋒3個(gè)位置的球員進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,教練可以依賴不同球員貢獻(xiàn)的重要性、運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)等更好地強(qiáng)化團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效。Drinkwater等[70]運(yùn)用因子分析的主成分分析法對(duì)季節(jié)變化、團(tuán)隊(duì)質(zhì)量、上場(chǎng)時(shí)間3個(gè)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)團(tuán)隊(duì)質(zhì)量較強(qiáng)的球隊(duì)主要優(yōu)越點(diǎn)是2分投籃得分率高和傳球效率高,弱隊(duì)主要是防守籃板差。球員上場(chǎng)時(shí)間應(yīng)根據(jù)表現(xiàn)和比賽類型合理配置。Gomez等[71]對(duì)2005年WNBA 216場(chǎng)常規(guī)賽的216名女子運(yùn)動(dòng)員的技術(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),投籃和傳球能力對(duì)于女子籃球首發(fā)球員最重要。Kanthack等[72]通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)員在罰籃之前先觀看1 min相關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)視頻和3 min動(dòng)作圖像(IMA)可以有效提高罰球訓(xùn)練效果。關(guān)于運(yùn)動(dòng)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)的大數(shù)據(jù)挖掘在現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛,毋庸置疑,隨著信息技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代的到來(lái),在比賽表現(xiàn)分析中如何整合籃球比賽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)技戰(zhàn)術(shù)的大數(shù)據(jù)與人工錄像,使其在復(fù)雜的比賽情境中建立技戰(zhàn)術(shù)表現(xiàn)與運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也將成為未來(lái)研究的前沿問(wèn)題之一。
2.3.4 知識(shí)群C4:籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性相關(guān)研究
動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性是指身體在不受外力支撐基礎(chǔ)上從一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)運(yùn)動(dòng)瞬間過(guò)渡到另一個(gè)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的能力[73]?;@球是一項(xiàng)身體對(duì)抗十分激烈的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目,對(duì)技術(shù)動(dòng)作要求較高,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作協(xié)調(diào)性。良好的動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性不僅有助于運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)揮訓(xùn)練水平,完成技術(shù)動(dòng)作的基本要求,更有助于預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷。Asadi等[74]指出6周的高強(qiáng)度增強(qiáng)式訓(xùn)練可以顯著提高男性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的力量、敏捷度、彈跳力、爆發(fā)力和身體平衡能力。Fu等[75]研究指出提高籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性和本體感受可以降低踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Fullam等[76]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)生踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷時(shí)立即采取冷凍治療是不利于踝關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性的。Nikolaos等[77]指出在籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)中突然強(qiáng)烈的變向、瞬間的急停和急起及球員移動(dòng)中的連接都與良好的平衡能力分不開,加強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員移動(dòng)平衡能力和本體感受可以提高傳球成功率。Cloak等[78]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性全身振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練(WBVT)可以提高籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員起跳—落地的動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性。Boccolini等[79]利用實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)12周的不平衡木板訓(xùn)練可以顯著提高籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的平衡能力、肌肉力量和垂直彈跳能力。動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性及平衡能力對(duì)于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員十分重要,諸多研究者也在這一領(lǐng)域取得了豐碩的成果,為進(jìn)步提高籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員表現(xiàn)和預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害提供了理論指導(dǎo)。
2.3.5 知識(shí)群C5:籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員生理反應(yīng)評(píng)定相關(guān)研究
Moravec等[80]對(duì)14~15年球齡的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度、比賽負(fù)荷和個(gè)體身體調(diào)節(jié)水平進(jìn)行測(cè)量,發(fā)現(xiàn)最大攝氧量指標(biāo)的敏感性最高,經(jīng)過(guò)2個(gè)月的耐力往返跑訓(xùn)練,顯著提高甚至達(dá)到了年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員的水平。Meckel等[81]對(duì)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員運(yùn)球進(jìn)行重復(fù)沖刺訓(xùn)練時(shí)的生理反應(yīng)進(jìn)行測(cè)試,結(jié)果顯示:不運(yùn)球沖刺球員的心率和血乳酸濃度要高于運(yùn)球沖刺球員,教練員應(yīng)該充分利用運(yùn)球沖刺生理反應(yīng)較小、訓(xùn)練時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的特征,提高團(tuán)隊(duì)的比賽策略,增強(qiáng)球員的耐力、戰(zhàn)術(shù)和控球技能。Montg等[82]指出常規(guī)的五對(duì)五防守和進(jìn)攻訓(xùn)練有著相似的生理和身體要求,正式比賽中對(duì)球員身體和生理要求比常規(guī)五對(duì)五訓(xùn)練要求高很多,所以,在常規(guī)訓(xùn)練中應(yīng)該盡量減少半場(chǎng)防守和進(jìn)攻訓(xùn)練,注重戰(zhàn)術(shù)元素開發(fā),場(chǎng)地遞增負(fù)荷力竭運(yùn)動(dòng)、反復(fù)沖刺能力指標(biāo)可以作為測(cè)定高水平職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員比賽相關(guān)身體機(jī)能的方法。關(guān)于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的生理反應(yīng)及需求的測(cè)定與提高,尤其需要我國(guó)學(xué)者注意的是,關(guān)于運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)與運(yùn)動(dòng)員生理需求關(guān)系的研究,通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽和訓(xùn)練中的生理反特征來(lái)甄別籃球?qū)m?xiàng)訓(xùn)練負(fù)荷,從而為專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練的科學(xué)化設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施奠定基礎(chǔ)。與此同時(shí),雖然目前國(guó)際上該領(lǐng)域的研究范式與測(cè)定方法等越來(lái)越科學(xué)和規(guī)范化,但在許多微觀的研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)仍未達(dá)成廣泛共識(shí),仍存在著許多的問(wèn)題需要去探索和解決。
2.3.6 知識(shí)群C6:籃球精英運(yùn)動(dòng)員相關(guān)研究
Ademovic等[83]對(duì)精英籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員腿部爆發(fā)力進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,指出短時(shí)間高強(qiáng)度專項(xiàng)耐力訓(xùn)練對(duì)于年輕籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員腿部爆發(fā)力發(fā)展非常重要,強(qiáng)調(diào)爆發(fā)力是影響比賽結(jié)果的重要因素。Pojskic等[84]對(duì)籃球場(chǎng)上不同位置的精英運(yùn)動(dòng)員有氧和無(wú)氧能力進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)后衛(wèi)和前鋒的差異最為顯著,教練員應(yīng)有針對(duì)性地制定不同位置球員的個(gè)性化訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃。Salatkaite等[85]研究表明,女性籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員比男性發(fā)生運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害的概率高60%,籃球后衛(wèi)的腿部動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定性較前鋒而言更好,運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中球員應(yīng)該盡可能降低非接觸式的運(yùn)動(dòng)肌肉骨骼損傷。Robazza等[86]對(duì)精英運(yùn)動(dòng)員賽季心理狀態(tài)和生理指標(biāo)的系統(tǒng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),唾液睪酮濃度、皮質(zhì)醇、粒細(xì)胞等水平與運(yùn)動(dòng)員比賽中的感知能力相關(guān)。Delextrat等[87]對(duì)59名精英少年籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的敏捷性進(jìn)行分析,指出運(yùn)動(dòng)員敏捷性性別差異較大,常規(guī)訓(xùn)練中多采取直線沖刺和單邊跳躍訓(xùn)練來(lái)提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的敏捷性。Spiteri等[88]對(duì)30名女子精英籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的下肢力量及爆發(fā)力、防守和進(jìn)攻的敏捷性、變向能力等身體素質(zhì)進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)WNBA運(yùn)動(dòng)員與大學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)員相比,體能、爆發(fā)力和變向能力都較好,建議:大學(xué)籃球教練員應(yīng)注重全面發(fā)展運(yùn)動(dòng)員的體能、協(xié)調(diào)性和爆發(fā)力,提高彈跳素質(zhì)和變向能力;WNBA精英籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員除保證足夠的體能和爆發(fā)力外,還應(yīng)培養(yǎng)球場(chǎng)決策能力。國(guó)際學(xué)者對(duì)精英籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的研究主要集中在技戰(zhàn)術(shù)、體能、運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷、專項(xiàng)素質(zhì)等方面,研究的領(lǐng)域較為細(xì)致化,研究的角度多元,更多的是根據(jù)場(chǎng)上不同位置特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的研究,研究主題較為廣泛,涉及的學(xué)科多樣。
2.3.7 知識(shí)群C7:籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展水平的相關(guān)研究
Christos等[89]研究表明“擋拆技術(shù)”在歐洲頂級(jí)籃球隊(duì)502場(chǎng)比賽中是使用最頻繁、得分效率最高的一項(xiàng)技術(shù),總計(jì)使用1萬(wàn)2 376次,平均25次/場(chǎng);最有效的擋拆時(shí)機(jī)是經(jīng)過(guò)檔和拆兩次傳球后掩護(hù)隊(duì)員轉(zhuǎn)身面對(duì)籃球框。Fabiana[90]對(duì)當(dāng)前各國(guó)男子和女子籃球聯(lián)盟中的裁判培訓(xùn)方式和仲裁水平進(jìn)行了評(píng)估,強(qiáng)調(diào)了裁判在推動(dòng)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展和比賽過(guò)程中的重要性。Argajova等[91]對(duì)斯洛伐克籃球教練員進(jìn)行了研究,指出信息缺乏和語(yǔ)言障礙是造成當(dāng)前籃球教練員知識(shí)水平和預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害意識(shí)與現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展水平相脫節(jié)的主要原因,建議應(yīng)多開展國(guó)際性教練員專題講座,通過(guò)增加交流拓寬教練員視野,多開展有關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)傷病預(yù)防為主題的講座,豐富教練員知識(shí)水平。目前國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)技術(shù)水平研究主要集中在各種技戰(zhàn)術(shù)應(yīng)用水平、教練員知識(shí)水平和預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害的意識(shí),裁判員的仲裁標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和裁判員培訓(xùn)方法等。關(guān)于這3方面的研究應(yīng)該引起我國(guó)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究領(lǐng)域研究者的重視。
3 結(jié)論
2010年以來(lái),美國(guó)等國(guó)家一直占據(jù)著國(guó)際籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的制高點(diǎn),引領(lǐng)著該領(lǐng)域的研究方向,綜合類大學(xué)是其研究的高產(chǎn)之地。研究熱點(diǎn)主要集中于籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷與預(yù)防、特殊人群(兒童、女性)4大板塊;研究演化路徑緊緊圍繞籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷與康復(fù)相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)態(tài)姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定性相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員生理反應(yīng)評(píng)定相關(guān)研究、籃球精英運(yùn)動(dòng)員相關(guān)研究、籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展水平相關(guān)研究7大領(lǐng)域而展開。多學(xué)科交叉研究在現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究領(lǐng)域中占據(jù)著越來(lái)越重要的地位,涉及體育科學(xué)、心理學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)、骨科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、康復(fù)學(xué)、生理學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和工程學(xué)等學(xué)科領(lǐng)域。研究領(lǐng)域的不斷拓寬、科研成果的大量涌現(xiàn),為現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)的快速發(fā)展提供了強(qiáng)有力的理論支撐,是現(xiàn)代籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)研究演進(jìn)的不竭源泉。
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首都體育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2018年3期