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      高三復(fù)習(xí)課上如何通過“寫”的活動(dòng)促進(jìn)閱讀的深度加工

      2019-06-11 11:12宋紅靖
      英語學(xué)習(xí)·教師版 2019年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:語篇高三詞匯

      宋紅靖

      摘 要:閱讀中常見的問題是學(xué)生只獲取了文本的表層信息,缺乏對語篇的整體認(rèn)知和對主題意義的深度理解。針對這一問題,筆者在所教授的高三年級進(jìn)行了以主題意義為引領(lǐng)、通過恰當(dāng)?shù)摹皩憽钡幕顒?dòng)來促進(jìn)學(xué)生深度學(xué)習(xí)的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,通過案例分析的形式探討以寫促讀的可行性。

      關(guān)鍵詞:主題語境;語篇特點(diǎn);“寫”的活動(dòng);深度加工

      前言

      高三學(xué)生不管是在課上課下、校內(nèi)校外,都會在教師的要求下或者自發(fā)地做閱讀訓(xùn)練。教師們經(jīng)常會聽到學(xué)生抱怨:“我讀懂文本了,但是不知道為什么選擇題就是沒選對。”但當(dāng)教師讓學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)述文本時(shí),就會發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生只是獲取了文本中一些支離破碎的信息,嚴(yán)重缺乏對語篇的整體認(rèn)知,具體表現(xiàn)為:忽略主題意義和文體特點(diǎn),沒有理解文章主旨,不能厘清文章脈絡(luò),對關(guān)鍵信息一知半解,難以深度解讀文本字里行間的意義并進(jìn)行合理的推理判斷。導(dǎo)致以上問題的原因包括學(xué)生英語能力的欠缺、課時(shí)的限制、教學(xué)進(jìn)度的要求不合理、教師的教學(xué)理念不正確等。此外,有些閱讀課的教學(xué)還停留在讓學(xué)生獲取文本的表層信息后就戛然而止或急于讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行語言輸出。針對這些問題,我校教師在高三年級的閱讀復(fù)習(xí)課上進(jìn)行了一系列的嘗試,旨在通過“寫”的活動(dòng)來促進(jìn)閱讀的深度加工,提升學(xué)生的閱讀素養(yǎng)。

      高三閱讀課的整體設(shè)計(jì)思路

      教師圍繞特定主題,選擇同主題語境下話題不同但有一定邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)的、不同類型的語篇,在讀前、讀中、讀后各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)了一系列體現(xiàn)綜合性、關(guān)聯(lián)性和實(shí)踐性等特點(diǎn)的“寫”的活動(dòng),激活學(xué)生已有的知識儲備,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在分析和解決問題的過程中建構(gòu)主題意義、梳理文體特點(diǎn)、學(xué)習(xí)和總結(jié)話題詞匯、輸出話題語言等,以此來發(fā)展學(xué)生的英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。

      以“科技發(fā)展與信息技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、信息安全”的主題為例,教師選取了四篇文章。第一篇是人教版《英語》必修2 Unit 3的主課文Who Am I? ,這篇說明文介紹了電腦的發(fā)展、電腦體積的變化以及電腦在不同領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。第二篇和第三篇選用了2015年天津高考試題的閱讀B篇和2018年北京市西城區(qū)高三第一學(xué)期期末試題的閱讀A篇。第二篇是科普說明文,描述了在不久的將來,社交類機(jī)器人就會進(jìn)入人們的日常生活并提供更加人性化的服務(wù),但它們并不是替代人力的工具,而是和人類一起為人們的不同需求提供更好服務(wù)的工作伙伴。第三篇是應(yīng)用文,通過廣告的形式介紹了一款移動(dòng)支付應(yīng)用PayQwiq的優(yōu)點(diǎn)及下載和操作的方法,強(qiáng)調(diào)了它的便捷性和安全性。計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展并廣泛應(yīng)用于各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及在提高人們生活質(zhì)量的同時(shí),也導(dǎo)致一些信息安全問題的發(fā)生。學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)會理性地使用科技創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品,同時(shí)了解它們可能引發(fā)的問題,掌握一定的自我保護(hù)措施,提升安全防范意識。鑒于此,教師還選擇了2016年北京市海淀區(qū)高三一模試題的閱讀D篇作為第四篇文章。這篇議論文主要論述社交媒體帶來的積極和消極影響,文末告誡大家要注意安全使用社交媒體。筆者僅以第四篇為例,詳細(xì)闡述如何以“寫”的活動(dòng)促進(jìn)學(xué)生閱讀的深度加工。

      1.文本分析

      本篇文章共分為六段,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容梳理如下:

      第一段:引出話題并總體評價(jià)社交媒體的影響;

      第二段:社交媒體對不同人群的積極影響;

      第三至五段: 社交媒體對人們的消極影響(有些人可能淪為網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌或騷擾的受害者,公司因雇員有網(wǎng)癮而承受經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,個(gè)人信息泄露,不當(dāng)言論影響就業(yè)機(jī)會和人際關(guān)系);

      第六段:社交媒體有利有弊,關(guān)鍵是使用者要小心謹(jǐn)慎以確保安全。

      本文主題屬于科技發(fā)展與信息技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、信息安全和社會交往等,與學(xué)生的生活密切相關(guān)。從內(nèi)容上講,本文的論述內(nèi)容有一定的警示作用,引人深思。通過學(xué)習(xí)這篇文章,學(xué)生不僅能清楚地認(rèn)識社交媒體的利弊,還會思考和討論如何正確使用社交媒體以揚(yáng)長避短。從行文上講,本文結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、觀點(diǎn)明確,有助于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí) “總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)的議論文,分析并論證某種事物的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。從訓(xùn)練閱讀技能上講,由于本文的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及釋義、舉例等論證方法的使用,有利于訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的深層次閱讀理解能力,如根據(jù)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文或構(gòu)詞法,猜測與主題相關(guān)又不太常見的重點(diǎn)詞匯,理解長難句等。從語言學(xué)習(xí)上講,由于社交媒體與學(xué)生的生活息息相關(guān),學(xué)生可以理解、提取、積累和運(yùn)用關(guān)于社交媒體利弊的具體表達(dá),并基于此表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。同時(shí),學(xué)生可將學(xué)到的知識遷移到論述其他社交媒介的利弊并提出相關(guān)的安全防范措施,從而進(jìn)一步加深對此類主題語篇特點(diǎn)的理解,提升自己的表達(dá)能力。

      2.教學(xué)目標(biāo)

      通過本課時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生將能夠:

      (1)通過閱讀文章,獲取作者對社交媒體的觀點(diǎn),了解篇章結(jié)構(gòu);

      (2)通過閱讀和對重難點(diǎn)詞匯和句子的英英釋義或英譯漢練習(xí),準(zhǔn)確理解語篇各部分之間的語義邏輯關(guān)系;

      (3)閱讀和積累關(guān)于觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)、利弊、安全措施等方面的詞塊、句型,構(gòu)建和豐富關(guān)于社交媒體這一話題的詞匯網(wǎng);

      (4)通過思考和討論,反思并遷移所學(xué)內(nèi)容,運(yùn)用語篇知識和話題詞匯進(jìn)行條理清晰的口頭和書面表達(dá)。

      3. 本節(jié)課中“寫”的活動(dòng)及設(shè)計(jì)意圖

      (1)讀前環(huán)節(jié)

      Write down the vocabularies relevant to the different aspects of social media within three minutes.

      [設(shè)計(jì)意圖]

      在導(dǎo)入“social media”這一話題后,學(xué)生預(yù)測此話題常見的文體類型和語篇內(nèi)容,并在三分鐘內(nèi)寫下已知的相關(guān)詞匯,然后通過小組交流豐富個(gè)人的話題詞匯。這個(gè)活動(dòng)不僅能激活學(xué)生已有的知識儲備,還為接下來的閱讀活動(dòng)作鋪墊。

      (2)讀中環(huán)節(jié)

      ①Read the text and then draw the mindmap or write the main idea of each paragraph to show the organization of the text.

      [設(shè)計(jì)意圖]

      學(xué)生閱讀文本,檢驗(yàn)預(yù)測猜想的同時(shí),用自己的方式梳理出語篇結(jié)構(gòu),把握行文特征。

      ②Read the text again and paraphrase the underlined parts or translate them into Chinese.

      By now, we are all aware that social media has had a tremendous influence on our culture, in business, on the world-at-large. Social media websites revolutionized ( ) the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. However, aside from ( ) seeing your friends new baby on Facebook, or reading about Justin Biebers latest conflict with the law on Twitter, what are some of the real influences?

      Social networks offer the opportunity for people to re-connect with their old friends and acquaintances, make new friends, share ideas and pictures, and many other activities. Users can keep pace with the latest global and local developments, and participate in campaigns and activities of their choice. Professionals use social media sites like LinkedIn to enhance ( ) their career and business development. Students can work together with their peers to improve their academic and communication skills.

      Unfortunately, there are a few downsides ( ) too to social networking. If you are not careful, immoral people can target you for cyber bullying ( ) and disturbance on social sites. School children, young girls, and women can fall victim to online attacks which can create tension and suffering. If you are a victim of cyber bullying, do not take it lying down, but try to take appropriate legal action against the attacker.

      Many companies have blocked( ) social networks as addicted employees can distract ( ) themselves on such sites, instead of focusing on work. In fact, studies show that British companies have lost billions of dollars per year in productivity because of social media addiction among employees.

      Also, what you carelessly post on the Net can come back to trouble you. Revealing (泄露) personal information on social sites can make users vulnerable(易受傷害的) to crimes like identity theft, stalking, etc. Many companies perform a background check on the Web before hiring an employee. If a potential employee has posted something embarrassing on social media, it can greatly affect their chances of getting the job. The same holds true for our relationships too, ( ) as our loved ones and friends may get to know if we post something undesirable on social networks.

      Social media has its advantages and drawbacks as each coin has two sides. It is up to each user to use social sites wisely to enhance their professional and social life, and exercise caution( ) to ensure they do not fall victim to online dangers.

      [設(shè)計(jì)意圖]

      英英釋義或英譯漢的活動(dòng)旨在訓(xùn)練學(xué)生充分利用語篇知識和構(gòu)詞法,猜測詞義和句意,厘清語篇各部分之間的語義邏輯關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步加深對語篇的理解,提升學(xué)習(xí)策略。僅舉一長難句進(jìn)行說明:“The same holds true for our relationships too, as our loved ones and friends may get to know if we post something undesirable on social networks.” 此句中的“the same”指的是什么?“hold true”又是何意?“as”和“if”引導(dǎo)的是什么從句?由于本復(fù)合句中含有分別由“as”和“if”引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)從句,學(xué)生需要充分把握本段的段落大意和上文的例子,才能正確理解本句。所以,如果教師在檢測環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在文章理解上有困難,還可以通過以下幾個(gè)問題進(jìn)行引導(dǎo):

      Q1: Whats the topic sentence of this paragraph?

      (A1. Also, what you carelessly post on the Net can come back to trouble you. )

      Q2: What does “the same” refer to?

      (A2. If a potential employee has posted something embarrassing on social media, it can greatly affect their chances of getting the job.)

      Q3: What does “hold true” mean?

      (A3. Still be correct.)

      Q4: Can you paraphrase this sentence?

      (A4. If we post something undesirable on social networks, it will affect our relationships because our loved ones and friends may get to know.)

      ③Read the text for the third time to accumulate the core phrases or sentence patterns according to the organization of the text.(見下表)

      [設(shè)計(jì)意圖]

      這個(gè)“寫”的活動(dòng)(學(xué)生作品示例見下圖)不僅進(jìn)一步加深了學(xué)生對本文的論據(jù)和論證方法的理解,還有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的詞塊意識,幫助學(xué)生構(gòu)建和豐富話題詞匯網(wǎng),進(jìn)而提升學(xué)生運(yùn)用詞匯進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確理解和表達(dá)的能力。

      (3)讀后環(huán)節(jié)

      ①Think and write down your answers to the following questions.

      Q1: What do you usually use WeChat for?

      Q2: What are or might be the disadvantages of WeChat?

      Q3: How can we avoid the disadvantages?

      Possible answers to the above questions:

      Q1:

      ●Re-connect with ones old friends.

      ●Read about ones friends latest posts.

      ●Keep in touch / contact with friends.

      ●Make new friends.

      ●Give others a video call.

      ●Send messages or voice mails to others.

      ●Share ideas and pictures.

      ●Keep pace with the latest global and local developments.

      ●Participate in campaigns and activities.

      ●Work together with ones peers to improve their academic and communication skills.

      ●Ask teachers or classmates for help when have problems.

      Q2:

      ●Become a target for cyber bullying and disturbance.

      ●Fall victim to online attacks.

      ●Be addicted to social networks.

      ●Reveal (泄露) personal information.

      ●Be vulnerable to crimes like identity theft, stalking, etc.

      ●Affect relationship.

      Q3:

      ●Be careful not to reveal personal information.

      ●Do not post inappropriate comments, pictures, etc.

      ●Enhance self-discipline.

      ●Set a complicated password.

      ●Change the password frequently.

      ②Decide the organization of the writing with the title WeChat in my life.

      Part 1: The general comments on the influence of Wechat in my life.

      Part 2: My specific usage of it.

      Part 3: The problems it causes or might cause.

      Part 4: Measures Ive taken or will take to avoid the problems and the conclusion.

      ③Write WeChat in my life.

      [設(shè)計(jì)意圖]

      通過這一系列的活動(dòng),學(xué)生結(jié)合自身生活體驗(yàn),深化對主題意義的理解,再次反思并運(yùn)用語篇知識和話題詞匯來組織篇章結(jié)構(gòu),用條理分明的內(nèi)容和準(zhǔn)確的語言表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。

      學(xué)生作品如下:

      WeChat in my life

      Social media has a tremendous influence on our life. WeChat is one of the representatives, which is an indispensable part of my life.

      First of all, WeChat promotes my communication with others, reducing the inconvenience caused by time and space. With it, I can read about my friendslatest news and make comments, send messages or voice mails to others, and even give video calls to my aunt who lives abroad, which not only makes it possible for us to talk face to face but also helps save the cost of the international long-distance call.

      Secondly, as a student, I usually use WeChat to keep in touch with my teachers and classmates to improve my academic performance. When I have problems of study or assignments, I will ask them for help. Often, to fulfill a team project, I will discuss and exchange ideas with my teammates on WeChat.

      Another widespread function of WeChat is its electronic payment. I dont need to take any cash with me, which brings great convenience to my life.

      As every coin has two sides, WeChat might cause trouble if we dont use it wisely. To prevent us from falling victim to online attacks or being addicted to it, we must enhance our self-discipline and be careful not to reveal our personal information.

      In conclusion, it is up to us to exercise caution to ensure that we can take advantage of WeChat and get rid of its drawbacks.

      結(jié)語

      “學(xué)生對主題語境和語篇理解的深度,直接影響學(xué)生的思維發(fā)展水平和語言學(xué)習(xí)成效。”(中華人民共和國教育部,2018)因此,閱讀課應(yīng)以主題意義為引領(lǐng),通過創(chuàng)設(shè)與主題意義密切相關(guān)的語境和提供不同類型的語篇,設(shè)計(jì)形式恰當(dāng)并與學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際相結(jié)合的“寫”的活動(dòng),推動(dòng)學(xué)生從獲取表層信息到理解語篇的深層含義,再到探究主題意義。從一個(gè)學(xué)期的實(shí)踐效果看,學(xué)生在文本解讀方面掌握了有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略:首先,學(xué)生能夠有意識地根據(jù)主題和語篇特點(diǎn),對文本整體結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測和梳理;其次,在閱讀的過程中,學(xué)生能關(guān)注并利用語篇中的微觀和宏觀組織結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)對文本的深度理解;再次,學(xué)生能夠設(shè)計(jì)出與文章主題內(nèi)容相契合的有價(jià)值的問題;最后,學(xué)生能夠主動(dòng)進(jìn)行主題詞匯的積累和創(chuàng)造性的遷移運(yùn)用。

      參考文獻(xiàn)

      中華人民共和國教育部. 2018. 普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社.

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