文 / 李 健
我們已經(jīng)討論完FIDIC1999 建造合同文本Conditions of Contract for Construction 第18 條保險Insurance 條款。今天我們來討論中國示范文本(GF-2017-0201)中“18. 保險”條款翻譯中涉及的語言、法律或工程問題。
在討論之前,我們先提示一下兩個文本涵蓋的保險類別存在的細微差異。FIDIC1999 建造合同文本通過三個子條款顯示了其三個保險類別,即18.2 Insurance for Works and Contractor’s Equipment 工程和承包商設備保險,18.3 Insurance against Injury to Persons and Damage to Property 人身傷害和財產(chǎn)損害保險,18.4 Insurance for Contractor’s Personnel 承包商員工保險。中國示范文本(GF-2017-0201)也是通過三個子條款顯示其包含的保險類別的,即18.1 工程保險,18.2 工傷保險,18.3 其他保險;其中“其他保險”又包含了意外傷害保險和承包人施工設備保險??傮w來看,形式上,兩者分類標準不同;實質(zhì)上,除了中國示范文本中的“工傷保險”的社會保險屬性外,其余差異不大。但這種差別是中國示范文本體現(xiàn)中國立法的結果。
原文1:18.1 工程保險
除專用合同條款另有約定外,發(fā)包人應投保建筑工程一切險或安裝工程一切險;發(fā)包人委托承包人投保的,因投保產(chǎn)生的保險費和其他相關費用由發(fā)包人承擔。
試譯:18.1 Insurance for Works
Unless there are different statements in the Particular Conditions, the Employer should insure the construction Works or the installation Works against all risks. When the Employer entrusts the Contractor to effect such insurance, the Employer must pay the premium and expenses arising from effecting the insurance.
點評:1.這里規(guī)定,在無相反約定的情況下,工程保險的投保義務人是發(fā)包人,由發(fā)包人承擔保險費及其他相關費用。保險類別可以對應于FIDIC1999 文本18.2 Insurance for Works and Contractor’s Equipment 中的Insurance for Works 的部分。
2.關于保險的投保人的約定,中國示范文本(GF-2017-0201)與FIDIC1999 建造合同文本Conditions of Contract for Construction 稍有不同。FIDIC1999 在對需要辦理保險的場合,統(tǒng)一規(guī)定一個投保人the insuring party,“insuring Party”means, for each type of insurance, the Party responsible for effecting and maintaining the insurance specified in the relevant Sub-Clause. 但并未籠統(tǒng)指出投保人是承包商或是業(yè)主,到底誰將是投保人,得看合同就具體保險標的subject matter of insurance 所做約定才能確定。中國示范文本則在每個保險類別下直接列明投保人是發(fā)包人(業(yè)主)或者承包人,例如,本條就直接約定工程保險的投保義務人是發(fā)包人。
3.通常情況下,建筑工程一切險或安裝工程一切險allrisks insurance for Works,是針對各類工業(yè)與民用建筑工程項目建造過程中因自然災害或意外事故引起的一切損失的險種,其責任范圍主要包括cover 工程本身的物質(zhì)損失以及由此而產(chǎn)生的費用。其中,由意外事故引發(fā)的損失中包括了工程因意外事故對第三人產(chǎn)生的賠償責任,因為這種賠償責任最終也轉(zhuǎn)化為經(jīng)濟上的費用。因此,可以認為,建筑工程一切險或安裝工程一切險包括了第三人責任險insurance against the third party liability.
4.特別注意,下列兩種情況即使因工程項目建造過程中自然災害或意外事故引起,但卻不屬于建筑工程一切險或安裝工程一切險的保險范圍:一是工程所有人、承包人、其他關系人及其雇用的在工地現(xiàn)場從事與工程有關工作的職員、工人的人身傷亡或疾病;二是工程所有人owner、承包人、其他關系人及其雇用的在工地現(xiàn)場照管、控制的財產(chǎn)發(fā)生的損失。這兩種情況通常不被認作對第三人的責任范圍。在中國,它們通常被列入了18.2 工傷保險或18.3 其他保險的范圍了。
原文2:18.2 工傷保險
18.2.1 發(fā)包人應依照法律規(guī)定參加工傷保險,并為在施工現(xiàn)場的全部員工辦理工傷保險,繳納工傷保險費,并要求監(jiān)理人及由發(fā)包人為履行合同聘請的第三方依法參加工傷保險。
18.2.2 承包人應依照法律規(guī)定參加工傷保險,并為其履行合同的全部員工辦理工傷保險,繳納工傷保險費,并要求分包人及由承包人為履行合同聘請的第三方依法參加工傷保險。
試譯:18.2 Work-related Injury Insurance
18.2.1 The Employer must participate in work-related injury insurance in accordance with the Law, effect work-related injury insurance for all his Personnel working on the Site, and pay the premium. The Employer should require the Construction Project Management Enterprise and any third parties employed by the Employer to perform the Contract to participate in work-related injury insurance in accordance with the Law.
18.2.2 The Contractor must participate in work-related injury insurance in accordance with the Law, effect work-related injury insurance for all his Personnel working on the Site, and pay the premium. The Contractor should require his sub-contractors and any third parties employed by the Contractor to perform the Contract to participate in work-related injury insurance in accordance with the Law.
點評:1.這里規(guī)定了發(fā)包人和承包人各自辦理自己員工工傷保險的義務及相關要求。保險類別可以對應于FIDIC1999 文本18.3 Insurance against Injury to Persons and Damage to Property中Insurance against Injury to Persons的部分。
2.中國《工傷保險條例》Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance 第二條規(guī)定,中華人民共和國境內(nèi)的企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、社會團體、民辦非企業(yè)單位、基金會、律師事務所、會計師事務所等組織和有雇工的個體工商戶應當依照本條例規(guī)定參加工傷保險,為本單位全部職工或者雇工繳納工傷保險費。All types of enterprises and individually-owned business must participate in work-related injury insurance and pay the premium for all of the staff and workers or hired workers in accordance with the Regulations. 在中國,工傷保險屬于社會保險social security或social insurance 范疇,不屬于商業(yè)保險business insurance或commercial insurance。在這個性質(zhì)上,Work-related Injury Insurance 與FIDIC 的Insurance against Injury to Persons 不同。
原文3:18.3 其他保險
發(fā)包人和承包人可以為其施工現(xiàn)場的全部人員辦理意外傷害保險并支付保險費,包括其員工及為履行合同聘請的第三方的人員,具體事項由合同當事人在專用合同條款約定。
除專用合同條款另有約定外,承包人應為其施工設備等辦理財產(chǎn)保險。
試譯:18.3 Other Insurances
The Employer and the Contractor may effect accident injury insurance for all their persons on the Site respectively and pay the premium, including their personnel and persons from any third parties employed to perform the Contract. The Employer and the Contractor may specify the details in the Particular Conditions.
Unless there are different statements in the Particular Conditions, the Contractor should effect property insurance for the Contractor’s Equipments.
點評:1.這里規(guī)定的“其他保險”包含了承包商施工設備保險和中國《建筑法》The Construction Law of the PRC 規(guī)定的意外傷害保險,大致對應于FIDIC 文本中的Insurance against Injury to Persons、Insurance for Contractor’s Personnel,以及Insurance Contractor’s Equipment。但這里的“其他保險”,不屬于社會保險,而屬于商業(yè)保險。
2.中國《建筑法》第48 條規(guī)定,建筑施工企業(yè)應當依法為職工參加工傷保險繳納工傷保險費。鼓勵企業(yè)為從事危險作業(yè)的職工辦理意外傷害保險,支付保險費。Construction enterprises must pay the premium and effect work-related injury insurance for all of the staff. Construction enterprises are encouraged to pay the premium and effect accident injury insurance for workers engaged in dangerous operations.從《建筑法》適用的“鼓勵”措辭看,意外傷害保險不屬于建筑施工企業(yè)的“強制性compulsory”義務。當事人可以選擇是否辦理意外傷害保險。
3.提示一個細節(jié)問題。承包人應為其施工設備等辦理財產(chǎn)保險,the Contractor should effect property insurance for the Contractor’s Equipments. 這里用Equipments 來譯“施工設備”,而沒有采用plants,這是因為兩者在國際慣例Practice 中含義不同。在FIDIC 中,“Contractor’s Equipment” means all apparatus,machinery, vehicles and the remedying of any defects. However,Contractor Equipment excludes Temporary Works, Employer’s Equipment (if any), Plant, Materials and any other things intended to form or forming part of the pavement works. “Plant” means the apparatus, machinery and vehicles intended to form or forming part of the Permanent Works.也就是說,Equipments 在文本中指施工的工具;而Plants 則將被安裝到工程中成為工程的一部分。
事實上,建筑施工中的系列保險制度在中國的實踐中并不發(fā)達,中國示范文本中的這些規(guī)定在很大程度上是對成熟市場經(jīng)濟國家及國際慣例中保險理念的借鑒,還是粗線條的。落實到工程實踐中,投保險種、保險范圍、保險期間、保險金額、除外責任等還有待于合同當事人在專用條款中作出具體約定。