崔維蘭
摘 要:外貿(mào)英文函電是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中溝通信息最基本的途徑之一,是外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行磋商的重要書面文件。委婉地拒絕顧客的要求、請(qǐng)求和建議等是外貿(mào)英文函電中一種常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象。本文以布朗和列文森的“面子理論”以及利奇的“禮貌原則”為指導(dǎo),淺析了外貿(mào)英文函電中的拒絕策略,旨在提高學(xué)生外貿(mào)英文函電的寫作水平。
關(guān)鍵詞:外貿(mào)英文函電;禮貌原則;拒絕策略
一、面子與禮貌原則
面子理論最早由美國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家格夫曼提出,布朗和列文森在格夫曼的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步闡釋了“面子”,并將面子理論分為兩類:積極面子和消極面子?;凇岸Y貌”和“面子”的考慮,利奇提出了禮貌原則。
外貿(mào)英文信函是對(duì)外貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中信息溝通的重要方式,它明確了雙方的商務(wù)交易意圖。在拒絕類信函中,雙方利益矛盾,沖突明顯,措施不當(dāng)容易導(dǎo)致雙方貿(mào)易關(guān)系破裂。因此,綜合運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)拿孀庸芾聿呗约岸Y貌原則,實(shí)現(xiàn)拒絕對(duì)方信函的撰寫。
二、拒絕策略
外貿(mào)英文函電是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中業(yè)務(wù)雙方重要的溝通手段之一,是國(guó)際商務(wù)普遍使用的規(guī)范語(yǔ)言,它具有明顯程式化的特點(diǎn)。因此,下面主要從使用模糊限定語(yǔ)、緩沖語(yǔ)、情感詞,進(jìn)行合理解釋,提出可行建議五個(gè)方面分析外貿(mào)英文函電的拒絕策略,并用面子理論和禮貌原則對(duì)其進(jìn)行探討解釋。
(一)使用模糊限定語(yǔ)
模糊限定語(yǔ)指語(yǔ)義、界限不清的語(yǔ)言。盡管外貿(mào)英文函電的寫作具體、準(zhǔn)確、清楚,但適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用模糊限制語(yǔ),可使表達(dá)更加靈活、禮貌、得體。信函中表達(dá)拒絕的時(shí)候,模糊限制語(yǔ)的使用使語(yǔ)氣變得緩和,較少傷及對(duì)方面子和情感,體現(xiàn)了外貿(mào)英文函電的禮貌原則,保證了雙方業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系的維系。外貿(mào)英文函電中模糊限制語(yǔ),主要有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、認(rèn)知型動(dòng)詞和數(shù)量限定型模糊語(yǔ)could,should,would;suggest,appear,show;a little,more,approximately等。
例1:After carefully considering it,however,we have decided that it would be better for you to approach another manufacture in this instance.
例2:We regret being unable to accept your offer on your terms as your prices appear to be on rather high side.
例3:we feel that an arrangement on these lines would be more satisfactory to both of us than the one you proposed.
例4:Could you please lower your price a little so that we can achieve the transaction.
通過(guò)上述例句中的would,appear,more,a little等模糊限定語(yǔ)的使用,避免了拒絕太過(guò)直接,使得語(yǔ)氣委婉、含蓄,不僅巧妙地拒絕了對(duì)方,還充分考慮了對(duì)方的利益,給對(duì)方留有余地,保全了對(duì)方的面子,因此,更容易為對(duì)方所接受且能繼續(xù)維持良好的貿(mào)易關(guān)系。
(二)使用緩沖語(yǔ)
緩沖語(yǔ)(buffer)是指在傳達(dá)壞消息之前,先進(jìn)行正面的或中性的相關(guān)陳述來(lái)緩和語(yǔ)氣,緩沖語(yǔ)的使用推遲了壞消息呈現(xiàn)的時(shí)間,使收信人被拒絕之前有了一定的思想準(zhǔn)備,體現(xiàn)了對(duì)收信人尊重和體諒,維護(hù)了其面子,更易為對(duì)方所接受,也有利于維護(hù)雙方之間的合作關(guān)系。
例5:Thank you for your fax offer of August 20th for 20,000 metric tons of Canada Oat.We appreciate the good quality of your goods,but unfortunately we are not in a position to accept the offer on your terms as your prices appear to be on rather high side.
例6:Thank you very much for your offer on 4th July,we are quite satisfied with the quality of your products,but after careful examining and comparison with similar products of other makes,we find your quotation on the high side.Also a large number of slippers of similar design from Hong Kong are now commanding ready sales here and these sell at prices 10% below those that you have quoted.
上述例子中,首先使用緩沖語(yǔ)感謝對(duì)方對(duì)產(chǎn)品的報(bào)盤,且對(duì)方產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量感到非常滿意,之后由于價(jià)格偏高的原因委婉地進(jìn)行了拒絕,表現(xiàn)非常禮貌,同時(shí)維護(hù)了對(duì)方的面子,極易讓對(duì)方所接受。
(三)使用情感詞
情感詞是表示人情感的詞語(yǔ)。外貿(mào)英文函電中,通常借助“情感詞+輔助語(yǔ)”這一固定的程式化結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)委婉客氣地表達(dá)拒絕之意。如感謝+輔助語(yǔ),遺憾語(yǔ)+輔助語(yǔ),意愿+輔助語(yǔ),道歉+輔助語(yǔ),體諒+輔助語(yǔ)等。
例7:We thank you for your order of 20th May,but unfortunately that the goods you ordered are out of stock.
例8:We regret very much being unable to comply with your wishes due to the preparation the raw materials and our tough producing schedule.
外貿(mào)英文函電中,通常采用上述程式化地結(jié)構(gòu),先表達(dá)感謝、抱歉或表達(dá)良好地意愿之后再委婉地傳達(dá)拒絕的信息,給人以禮貌和親切感,拉近與對(duì)方的距離,易于對(duì)方接受,為后期的合作創(chuàng)造條件。
(四)進(jìn)行合理解釋
外貿(mào)英文函電中拒絕對(duì)方時(shí),通常給出合理的解釋。因?yàn)橛行?、合理的解釋可以幫助?duì)方更好的接受和理解所收的拒絕。
例9:All the items ordered are in the stock except the last item Model Ok 808.Stocks of the item have been sold out since we quoted for them,and will be available again by the end of this year.
例10:We appreciate the good quality of your goods,but unfortunately we are not in a position to accept the offer on your terms.Your prices appear to be rather high side.We are obtaining the same quality goods through another channel at a much lower price than that you quoted us.
從例句中,我們看到盡管寫信者給出了拒絕答復(fù),但針對(duì)具體原因,給出了合理解釋,讓對(duì)方感覺(jué)到是客觀存在的原因?qū)е伦约鹤龀鼍芙^的選擇而非主觀意愿做出的決定,從而讓對(duì)方能夠理解和接受。
(五)提出可行建議
在表達(dá)拒絕之后,為了更好地維持今后的合作,應(yīng)從對(duì)方的利益出發(fā)(you-attitude),試著給出可行的建議,幫助對(duì)方解決所面臨的問(wèn)題。
例11:May we suggest that you make some allowance,say 6%,on your quoted prices.
例12:If you desire earlier delivery,we can only make a partial shipment of 2X40HQ in December and the remaining in January,2011.
例句中,我們可以看出給與對(duì)方可行性建議,有利于緩和拒絕信息帶給對(duì)方的失望,有利于維護(hù)和促進(jìn)雙方的合作關(guān)系。
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
總之,我們要熟練掌握外貿(mào)英文函電中的拒絕策略,才能有效撰寫出使對(duì)方理解并能接受的外貿(mào)英文函電,從而建立、發(fā)展、維系及促進(jìn)業(yè)務(wù)雙方的關(guān)系,提高自身的業(yè)務(wù)工作能力。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Leech,G.N.Principles of politeness[M].London and New York: Longman,1983.
[2]Brown,P,Levinson,SC.some universal in language usage[M].Cambridge University Press,1987.
[3]程同春,程欣.新編國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)函電[M].南京:東南大學(xué)出版社,2016.
[4]何兆熊.新編語(yǔ)用學(xué)概要[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2000.
[5]李雅玲.外貿(mào)英文函電中間接言語(yǔ)行為的禮貌性[J].商場(chǎng)現(xiàn)在化,2009(3):193-194.