姜德穎
[摘要] 目的 研究產(chǎn)后深靜脈血栓(DVT)患者血清CD40配體(CD40L)含量與凝血及血小板功能、炎癥反應(yīng)程度的相關(guān)性。 方法 選取2017年6月~2019年8月我院分娩后發(fā)生深靜脈血栓的產(chǎn)婦作為DVT組,另選取同期我院分娩后健康的產(chǎn)婦作為對照A組及正常體檢女性(未妊娠)作為對照B組。測定外周血中CD40L及凝血指標(biāo)、血小板功能參數(shù)及炎癥細(xì)胞因子。 結(jié)果 DVT組CD40L水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。DVT組APTT、PT水平低于對照A組及對照B組,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組;對照A組APTT、PT水平低于對照B組,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。DVT組PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,對照A組PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。DVT組TNF-α、IL-10、CRP水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,對照A組TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。CD40L與APTT、PT呈負(fù)相關(guān),與D-D、FIB、PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 CD40L的增多能促進(jìn)分娩后產(chǎn)婦的凝血、血小板聚集及活化炎癥反應(yīng),從而增加深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生率。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 深靜脈血栓;分娩;CD40配體;凝血功能;血小板活化;炎癥反應(yīng)
[中圖分類號] R714.46? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)09-0052-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the correlation between serum CD40 ligand(CD40L) content and blood coagulation, platelet function, and inflammatory response in patients with postpartum deep venous thrombosis(DVT). Methods The women with DVT after delivery treated in our hospital from June 2017 to August 2019 were selected as the DVT group, and the healthy women after delivery admitted to our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group A and the women undergoing normal physical examination(not pregnant) were selected as the control group B. CD40L and coagulation parameters, platelet function parameters and inflammatory cytokines were measured in peripheral blood. Results The CD40L level in DVT group was significantly higher than that in control group A and control group B, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) and prothrombin time(PT) levels in DVT group were lower than those in control group A and control B,and D-dimer(D-D) and fibrinogen(FIB) levels were significantly higher than those in control A and control group B; APTT and PT levels in control group A were lower than those in control group B, and D-D and FIB levels were significant higher than those in control group B, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). The levels of Platelet-Activating Factor(PAF), P-selectin, and von Willebrand factor(vWF) in DVT group were significantly higher than those in the control group A and B, and the levels of PAF, P-selectin, and vWF in the control group A were significantly higher than those in the control group B, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-10(IL-10), and C-reactive protein(CRP) in DVT group were significantly higher than those in the control group A and B, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, and CRP in the control group A were significantly higher than those in the control group B, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). CD40L was negatively correlated with APTT and PT, and positively correlated with D-D, FIB, PAF, P-selectin, vWF, TNF-α, IL-10, and CRP(P<0.05). Conclusion The increase of CD40L can promote maternal coagulation, platelet aggregation and activate inflammatory response after delivery, thereby increasing the incidence of DVT.
[Key words] Deep vein thrombosis; Delivery; CD40 ligand; Coagulation function; Platelet activation; Inflammatory response
剖宮產(chǎn)是臨床常見分娩方式之一,由于剖宮產(chǎn)后產(chǎn)婦血液處于高凝狀態(tài),且在床上休息時間較長,導(dǎo)致下肢靜脈血回流受阻,易引起下肢深靜脈血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)。下肢DVT不僅會引起下肢疼痛、腫脹,嚴(yán)重者甚至發(fā)生肺栓塞,威脅患者的生命安全。DVT的發(fā)生過程較為復(fù)雜,其中涉及到內(nèi)皮損傷、凝血系統(tǒng)、炎癥反應(yīng)等,但其具體發(fā)生機(jī)制尚未完全明確。目前研究認(rèn)為,CD40配體(Cluster? of Differentiation 40 ligand,CD40L)在凝血系統(tǒng)、炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)中具有重要作用,因此為明確CD40L在DVT形成中的作用,本文對我院分娩后深靜脈血栓患者進(jìn)行研究,對比分娩后正常產(chǎn)婦及正常健康人群,進(jìn)一步分析CD40L與患者凝血功能、炎癥反應(yīng)的關(guān)系,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2017年6月~2019年8月我院分娩后發(fā)生深靜脈血栓的產(chǎn)婦作為DVT組。另選取同期我院分娩后健康的產(chǎn)婦作為對照A組及正常體檢女性作為對照B組。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)通過。DVT組共52例,年齡23~35歲,平均(29.33±3.58)歲,初產(chǎn)婦31例、經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦21例;對照A組共80例,年齡22~36歲,平均(28.93±3.41)歲,初產(chǎn)婦48例、經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦32例;對照B組共50例,年齡25~37歲,平均(29.51±6.42)歲。三組資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]:(1)經(jīng)檢查和診斷符合DVT診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者;(2)自愿參加本研究并簽字者;(3)年齡20~50歲者。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]:(1)合并血管畸形、自身免疫疾病、血液系統(tǒng)疾病者等;(2)惡性腫瘤者;(3)同時參與其他研究者。
1.2 方法
分娩24 h后對所有研究對象進(jìn)行血液標(biāo)本采集,采集5 mL血液標(biāo)本,通過酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(試劑盒購自上海西唐公司)檢測研究對象CD40L、血小板活化因子(Platelet activating factor,PAF)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的含量,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)(試劑盒購自上海碧云天公司)測定P-選擇素(P-selectin)、血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)的水平,采用凝血儀(北京普朗醫(yī)療器械公司)測定凝血酶原時間(Prothrombin time,PT)、部分活化凝血酶時間(activated partial thrombin time,APTT)、D-二聚體(D-dimer,D-D)、纖維蛋白原(Fibrinogen,F(xiàn)IB)的水平。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
觀察三組患者外周血CD40L水平、凝血功能(APTT、PT、D-D、FIB)、血小板功能(PAF、P-selectin、vWF)及炎癥細(xì)胞因子水平(TNF-α、IL-10、CRP),分析CD40L與凝血功能、血小板功能和炎癥細(xì)胞因子水平的關(guān)系。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用方差分析,相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson計(jì)算相關(guān)性,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組外周血中CD40L水平比較
DVT組CD40L水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 三組凝血指標(biāo)水平比較
DVT組APTT、PT水平低于對照A組及對照B組,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組;對照A組APTT、PT水平低于對照B組,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 三組血小板功能指標(biāo)水平比較
DVT組PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,對照A組PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.4 三組炎癥細(xì)胞因子水平比較
DVT組TNF-α、IL-10、CRP水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,對照A組TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.5 CD40L與凝血功能、血小板功能和炎癥細(xì)胞因子水平的關(guān)系
CD40L與APTT、PT呈負(fù)相關(guān),與D-D、FIB、PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。見表5。
3 討論
DVT是分娩后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥之一,DVT可能引起血栓脫落,造成患者肺栓塞,危及患者生命,因此對產(chǎn)后DVT的預(yù)防尤為重要,也是人們關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容[6-7]。目前研究顯示[8],DVT栓子中具有大量炎癥細(xì)胞和血小板,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)證實(shí)了DVT的發(fā)生發(fā)展與炎癥細(xì)胞及血小板聚集有密切關(guān)系。CD40L是目前研究的熱門因子,其在與CD40結(jié)合后具有調(diào)控血小板和炎癥細(xì)胞運(yùn)動的作用,是局部浸潤趨化因子。目前多數(shù)關(guān)于腦梗死、心肌梗死的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)上述患者外周血CD40L、CD40水平明顯升高,也一定程度說明了CD40L與血栓的關(guān)系[9-10]。因此本文對我院分娩后DVT患者進(jìn)行研究,對比分娩后正常產(chǎn)婦及健康人群,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),DVT組CD40L水平明顯高于對照A組和對照B組,表明CD40L的升高與分娩后產(chǎn)婦DVT的發(fā)生具有密切關(guān)系。
由于血液高凝狀態(tài)是DVT的直接誘因,因此本文對三組研究對象進(jìn)行凝血功能觀察。FIB又稱為凝血因子,主要由干細(xì)胞合成,能促進(jìn)紅細(xì)胞聚集,使血液處于高凝狀態(tài),此時APTT和PT明顯縮短。在機(jī)體處于高凝狀態(tài)時,纖溶系統(tǒng)代償性激活,對血栓內(nèi)纖維蛋白進(jìn)行水解,水解后得到D-D,因此血液中D-D水平明顯升高,臨床也通常利用檢測D-D水平來評估凝血系統(tǒng)[11-12]。在本研究中,DVT組APTT、PT水平明顯縮短,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照A組和對照B組,表明DVT組血液處于高凝狀態(tài),凝血功能亢進(jìn),纖溶系統(tǒng)代償性亢進(jìn),最終導(dǎo)致DVT發(fā)生,進(jìn)一步分析CD40L與凝血功能的相關(guān)性發(fā)現(xiàn):DVT組CD40L與APTT、PT呈負(fù)相關(guān),與D-D、FIB呈正相關(guān),結(jié)果表明,隨著CD40L水平升高,血液高凝狀態(tài)及纖溶亢進(jìn)狀態(tài)越嚴(yán)重,結(jié)合CD40L的生物學(xué)活性提示升高的CD40L可能通過激活血小板及炎癥反應(yīng)的途徑來造成高凝狀態(tài)及纖溶亢進(jìn)狀態(tài)。
CD40L能活化血小板,激活炎癥反應(yīng),因此本文對三組研究對象的血小板、炎癥因子進(jìn)行分析。PAF是目前已知自強(qiáng)的血小板聚集誘導(dǎo)因子,可促進(jìn)血小板的聚集[13];P-selectin是粘附血小板α顆粒和致密顆粒的分子,在血小板活化和聚集中起到粘附作用[14];vWF是一類大分子糖蛋白,能橋接血小板與血管膠原纖維,促進(jìn)血小板活化和聚集[15]。TNF-α、IL-10是由單核巨噬細(xì)胞及淋巴細(xì)胞分泌,CRP由肝細(xì)胞分泌,是介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)的主要炎癥因子[16]。本文通過對三組患者進(jìn)行上述因子分析,結(jié)果顯示,DVT組PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,結(jié)果表明孕婦分娩后可能存在血小板的過度活化以及炎癥細(xì)胞因子的過度激活,且DVT組程度更加嚴(yán)重,提示血小板活化及炎癥反應(yīng)激活與DVT的發(fā)生有關(guān),進(jìn)一步分析CD40L與血小板功能、炎癥反應(yīng)程度的關(guān)系發(fā)現(xiàn):DVT組CD40L與PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相關(guān),表明隨著CD40L水平升高,血小板的活化、炎癥反應(yīng)的激活也進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng),DVT的發(fā)生與血小板的活化及炎癥反應(yīng)的激活有密切關(guān)系,血小板功能及炎癥反應(yīng)的改變可能是引發(fā)產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后高凝狀態(tài)及纖溶亢進(jìn)狀態(tài)的原因。
綜上所述,CD40L的增多能促進(jìn)分娩后產(chǎn)婦的凝血、血小板聚集以及活化炎癥反應(yīng),從而增加深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生率。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-26)