張海森 劉暢 梁東啟 王懷良 裴寶靜 劉輝 劉穎
[摘要] 目的 考察AO/ASIF-43 A3型脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折采用跟骨前突置釘外固定架固定的臨床療效。 方法 選取2013年1月~2018年1月在河北省滄州市中心醫(yī)院骨科采用跟骨前突置釘外固定架固定的AO/ASIF-43 A3型脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者36例,對(duì)其相關(guān)資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。所有病例均伴有腓骨遠(yuǎn)端骨干骨折,且脛腓骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折均為閉合性骨折。術(shù)中于跟骨后內(nèi)側(cè)及載距突前側(cè)約1 cm置入骨折遠(yuǎn)側(cè)端外固定釘,采用后外側(cè)切口鋼板內(nèi)固定腓骨骨折。術(shù)后4周開始訓(xùn)練踝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸,每周放松外架1次。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、骨折愈合時(shí)間以及圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥等數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)患者進(jìn)行為期18個(gè)月術(shù)后隨訪,臨床療效的評(píng)價(jià)采用Maryland評(píng)分、Lowa踝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分和疼痛視覺模擬(VAS)評(píng)分。 結(jié)果 平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(42.6±23.8)min,平均術(shù)中出血量(149.5±28.6)mL,平均住院時(shí)間(9.2±2.9)d。術(shù)后出現(xiàn)腓骨切口淺表炎性反應(yīng)1例(2.8%),外固定釘?shù)栏腥?例(2.8%),經(jīng)相應(yīng)處理后均愈合。所有病例均未發(fā)生血管、神經(jīng)損傷并發(fā)癥,總體圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為5.6%。所有病例均經(jīng)術(shù)后18個(gè)月隨訪。所有病例均獲得骨折愈合,無(wú)復(fù)位丟失出現(xiàn)。患者Lowa踝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分與VAS評(píng)分術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)整體比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)?;贛aryland評(píng)分的整體優(yōu)良率為88.9%。 結(jié)論 跟骨前突置釘閉合復(fù)位外固定架技術(shù)在AO/ASIF-43 A3型脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折損傷早期是一種可供選擇的治療方法,該方法臨床療效良好,固定可靠,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 早期手術(shù);跟骨前突;外固定架;脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折
[中圖分類號(hào)] R687.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)05(c)-0084-04
Clinical effect of external fixator pinning in anterior process of calcaneus for treatment of AO/ASIF 43.Type A3 distal tibial fractures
ZHANG Haisen1? ?LIU Chang1? ?LIANG Dongqi2? ?WANG Huailiang3? ?PEI Baojing3? ?LIU Hui4? ?LIU Ying5
1.Department of Sports Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou? ?061001, China; 2.Department of Pain Management, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou? ?061001, China; 3.Department of the Second of Orthopedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou? ?061001, China; 4.Department of Orthopedics, Mumendian Hospital of Qing County, Hebei Province, Qing County? ?062650, China; 5.Operating Room, Cangzhou People′s Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou? ?061001, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate clinical effect of the external fixator pinning in anterior process of calcaneus for treatment of AO/ASIF 43.Type A3 distal tibia fracture. Methods Thirty-six patients of AO/ASIF 43.Type A3 distal tibia fracture fixed by external fixator pinning in anterior process of calcaneus in the Department of Orthopedics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province from January 2013 to January 2018 were selected, and the relevant data were retrospectively analyzed. All cases were associated with fracture of shaft of distal fibula, and all fractures of distal tibia and fibula were closed fractures. During the operation, the distal end of the fracture was fixed with an external pin about 1 cm in the posterior medial side of the calcaneus and the anterior side of the sustentaculum of talus of calcaneus, and internal fixation of fracture of shaft of distal fibula was fixed with a posterolateral incision plate. Ankle flexion and extension training began 4 weeks after the operation, and relaxed the external fixator once a week. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time and perioperative complications were recorded. The patients were followed up for 18 months after the operation. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by Maryland score, Lowa ankle joint score, and visual analogue scale (VAS) score. Results The average operative time was (42.6±23.8) min, the average intraoperative blood loss was (149.5±28.6) mL, and the average length of stay was (9.2±2.9) d. After the operation, one patient (2.8%) had superficial inflammatory reaction of fibula incision and one case (2.8%) had infection of external pin hole, and all healed after corresponding treatment. No vascular and nerve injury complications occurred in all cases. The overall incidence rate of perioperative complications was 5.6%. All cases were followed up for 18 months after the operation. Fracture healing was achieved in all cases without reduction loss. There were no statistically significant differences between the overall Lowa ankle score and VAS score at each postoperative time point (P > 0.05). According to the Maryland score, the good rate of the curative effect was 88.9%. Conclusion The closed reduction and external fixator pinning in anterior process of calcaneus is an alternative treatment method in the early stage of AO/ASIF 43.Type A3 distal tibia fracture injury, which has good clinical efficacy, reliable fixation and low complication rate.
[Key words] Early operation; Anterior process of calcaneus; External fixator; Distal tibia fracture
脛骨遠(yuǎn)側(cè)干骺端復(fù)雜粉碎性脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的AO/ASIF分型為43-A3型[1]。針對(duì)該類復(fù)雜損傷的手術(shù)治療,目前的主流觀點(diǎn)為[2-4],損傷早期可實(shí)施外架固定,以便避免發(fā)生軟組織并發(fā)癥。外固定架治療既可降低軟組織并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),又能實(shí)現(xiàn)骨折的穩(wěn)定固定。采用傳統(tǒng)外固定架技術(shù)治療脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折時(shí),骨折遠(yuǎn)端兩枚固定針均置于跟骨后內(nèi)側(cè),容易出現(xiàn)外固定釘松動(dòng)等問(wèn)題。2013年以來(lái),河北省滄州市中心醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)采用改良的跟骨前突置釘外固定架技術(shù)治療AO/ASIF-43 A3型脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折36例,取得了滿意的臨床效果?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2013年1月~2018年1月在我院骨科就診的36例AO/ASIF-43 A3型脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者的臨床資料。病例均采用跟骨前突置釘外固定架進(jìn)行治療。所有病例均單側(cè)肢體損傷,均伴有腓骨遠(yuǎn)端骨干骨折,且為脛腓骨遠(yuǎn)端閉合性骨折?;颊呔趽p傷早期(傷后<12 h)接受外固定支架治療,并作為最終性固定方式。患者的年齡26~59歲,平均(39.6±12.9)歲;其中男22例,女14例;在損傷病因方面,車禍16例,跌倒傷12例,跌落傷8例;根據(jù)軟組織損傷Tscherne分級(jí)[5],Ⅰ級(jí)20例,Ⅱ級(jí)14例,Ⅲ級(jí)例2例。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者均于入選研究前簽署知情同意書。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
同一組醫(yī)師實(shí)施手術(shù),術(shù)中患者腰麻,取平臥位。首先經(jīng)皮于脛骨前內(nèi)側(cè)、骨折近端置入2枚外固定針,然后經(jīng)皮由內(nèi)向外于跟骨后角置入第3枚外固定針。最后于跟骨載距突向前1 cm做一0.5 cm切口,采用血管鉗鈍性分離深層至骨面,置入套筒,由內(nèi)向外穿過(guò)兩層骨皮質(zhì)置入第4枚外固定針。外固定架安裝后延長(zhǎng)加壓裝置,適度牽開骨折斷端。之后采用后外側(cè)切口復(fù)位、鋼板內(nèi)固定腓骨骨折,恢復(fù)肢體長(zhǎng)度。骨折復(fù)位方法為閉合徒手復(fù)位或克氏針經(jīng)皮撬撥,術(shù)中根據(jù)骨折對(duì)位、對(duì)線需要放松或延長(zhǎng)外固定架。C臂透視確認(rèn)骨折復(fù)位情況,滿意后擰緊外架。
1.3 術(shù)后處理
患肢術(shù)后抬高,適度冰敷。術(shù)后4周開始訓(xùn)練踝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸,放松外架、每周1次。根據(jù)X線片復(fù)查情況,術(shù)后4~8周確定是否患肢負(fù)重活動(dòng),骨折愈合后拆除外固定架,外架去除后扶持雙拐部分負(fù)重4周,之后逐步完全負(fù)重。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)與評(píng)估方法
記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、骨折愈合時(shí)間、圍術(shù)期數(shù)據(jù)及并發(fā)癥情況。對(duì)患者進(jìn)行為期18個(gè)月隨訪,在術(shù)后隨訪中,臨床療效的評(píng)估采用Lowa踝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分[6]、Maryland評(píng)分[7]和疼痛視覺模擬(visual analogue scale,VAS)評(píng)分[8],骨折愈合情況及復(fù)位維持的評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)用常規(guī)正側(cè)位X線片。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用單因素方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用百分率表示。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 圍術(shù)期一般資料
平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(42.6±23.8)min,平均術(shù)中出血量(149.5±28.6)mL,平均住院時(shí)間(9.2±2.9)d。典型病例影像見圖1。
2.2 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況
術(shù)后發(fā)生腓骨切口淺表炎性反應(yīng)1例(2.8%),加強(qiáng)換藥后炎癥得到控制,但切口愈合不良,鋼板外露,考慮鋼板放置偏前,骨折愈合未受影響,內(nèi)固定物在術(shù)后半年后取出,切口愈合無(wú)感染。術(shù)后并發(fā)外固定釘?shù)栏腥?例(2.8%),經(jīng)擴(kuò)創(chuàng)及釘?shù)酪骱蟾腥镜靡钥刂?,去除外固定支架后釘?shù)烙狭己?。圍術(shù)期未發(fā)生血管、神經(jīng)損傷并發(fā)癥。整體圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為5.6%。
2.3 隨訪數(shù)據(jù)
所有患者術(shù)后均獲18個(gè)月的隨訪?;颊吖钦劬@愈合,平均愈合時(shí)間為(3.6±1.4)個(gè)月。隨訪中輕度跛行7例,所有患者均未發(fā)生外固定針?biāo)蓜?dòng)、斷釘、斷板,復(fù)位丟失等并發(fā)癥情況。Lowa踝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分與VAS評(píng)分術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)整體比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。在術(shù)后18個(gè)月隨訪時(shí),基于Maryland評(píng)分的整體優(yōu)良率為88.9%,其中優(yōu)19例,良13例,中4例。
3 討論
脛骨遠(yuǎn)側(cè)干骺端復(fù)雜粉碎性骨折在AO/ASIF分型中屬于43-A3型[1]。切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定技術(shù)具有較高的切口并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[9],而髓內(nèi)釘固定手術(shù)中經(jīng)常面臨遠(yuǎn)端鎖釘置的困難[10]。這類損傷雖然可采用經(jīng)皮鋼板橋接固定技術(shù),但在損傷早期施術(shù)仍然面臨局部軟組織并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。目前,多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為[2-4],為了降低軟組織并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),“損傷控制理論”適用于AO/ASIF-43 A3型脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的損傷早期,之后才可實(shí)施內(nèi)固定技術(shù),但卻可導(dǎo)致患者的住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),相關(guān)住院花費(fèi)增加。相比傳統(tǒng)鋼板內(nèi)固定技術(shù),外固定架對(duì)軟組織條件要求低,可以顯著縮短患者住院時(shí)間、減少患者治療費(fèi)用[11-20]。臨床實(shí)踐中,我院采用一種改良的閉合復(fù)位外架固定方式治療這類復(fù)雜損傷,并在本研究中回顧分析了其初步臨床效果。本研究中36例患者均于傷后12 h內(nèi)實(shí)施手術(shù),避免了傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定延期手術(shù)的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間等待問(wèn)題。只有1例(2.8%)術(shù)后并發(fā)外固定釘?shù)栏腥?,可見軟組織并發(fā)癥問(wèn)題并不高。
以往報(bào)道的外固定架技術(shù)固定脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折時(shí),骨折遠(yuǎn)端兩枚固定針均置于跟骨后內(nèi)側(cè),導(dǎo)致外固定釘易松動(dòng),且“非三角形”的幾何形態(tài)不利于骨折的穩(wěn)定固定[12-13]。相比傳統(tǒng)外固定架遠(yuǎn)端置釘技術(shù),本研究改良置釘方式的優(yōu)勢(shì)體現(xiàn)在:①骨折斷端固定的幾何形態(tài)為“三角形”,更利于維持骨折固定的穩(wěn)定性;②該置釘技術(shù)基本不干擾距骨的血供,因此不會(huì)增加距骨壞死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
需要指出的是,作為一種跨關(guān)節(jié)固定方式,該外固定架技術(shù)可能導(dǎo)致踝關(guān)節(jié)僵硬[15,21-22]。為了降低跨關(guān)節(jié)外固定架的關(guān)節(jié)僵硬風(fēng)險(xiǎn),手術(shù)4周之后,本研究每周放松外固定架1次以訓(xùn)練踝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸活動(dòng)。術(shù)后18個(gè)月的Lowa踝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分達(dá)(85.5±6.8)分,總體療效滿意。另外,在理論上,跟骨前突置釘存在踝管內(nèi)神經(jīng)、血管結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20-24],為了避免該并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,本研究術(shù)中采用經(jīng)皮切口,然后采用將血管鉗鈍性分離直至骨面這一方法,所有病例均未發(fā)生血管、神經(jīng)損傷并發(fā)癥。
本研究的不足之處如下,首先,本組多數(shù)病例的術(shù)前軟組織損傷情況較輕,以Tscherne Ⅰ、Ⅱ級(jí)為主,在Tscherne Ⅲ級(jí)損傷早期實(shí)施外架固定技術(shù),其軟組織并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)如何尚需進(jìn)一步臨床研究證實(shí)。另外,本研究為一項(xiàng)小樣本隊(duì)列研究,回顧性研究證據(jù)級(jí)別較低,因此該手術(shù)方式的安全性及可靠性尚需進(jìn)一步研究檢驗(yàn)。最后,本研究的隨訪時(shí)間尚短,需進(jìn)一步追蹤觀察患者的遠(yuǎn)期踝創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生情況。
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(收稿日期:2019-08-27? 本文編輯:顧家毓)