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      IL-33與疼痛關(guān)系的回顧與展望

      2022-05-03 14:26:32汪逸純張真真萬貴平
      中國(guó)醫(yī)藥科學(xué) 2022年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:骨癌炎癥性細(xì)胞因子

      汪逸純 張真真 萬貴平

      [摘要] 白細(xì)胞介素-33(IL-33)作為白細(xì)胞介素-1細(xì)胞因子超家族的新成員,在各種疼痛反應(yīng)過程中發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用。通過回顧炎癥性疼痛、神經(jīng)性疼痛、骨癌痛、手臂振動(dòng)綜合征、疼痛性膀胱綜合征以及急性心肌梗死等疾病文獻(xiàn)中的 IL-33含量,發(fā)現(xiàn) IL-33在不同組織、系統(tǒng)中存在表達(dá)差異,且 IL-33可誘導(dǎo)生長(zhǎng)刺激表達(dá)基因2 蛋白(ST2)受體廣泛表達(dá)(尤其是輔助性 T2細(xì)胞和肥大細(xì)胞),以核因子κB(NF-κB)依賴的方式產(chǎn)生促炎性物質(zhì),釋放信號(hào)因子,促進(jìn)下游通路中炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,進(jìn)而參與 T 細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫應(yīng)答,這為疼痛的治療提供了新思路。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 白細(xì)胞介素-33;疼痛;促炎物質(zhì);免疫應(yīng)答

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R-1; R338??? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A??? [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2022)06-0041-04

      A review of the relationship between IL-33 and pain and prospect

      WANG? Yichun????? ZHANG? Zhenzhen????? WAN? Guiping2

      1. Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210000, China;2. Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210000, China

      [Abstract] Interleukin-33(IL-33), a new member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines, plays a regulatory role in various pain responses. A literature review on IL-33 levels in various diseases such as inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, bone cancer pain, hand-arm vibration syndrome, bladder pain syndrome, and acute myocardial infarction revealed that IL-33 is differentially expressed in different tissues and systems and IL-33 can induce growth stimulation expressed gene 2 protein (ST2) receptor (especially in T-helper 2 cells and mast cells) expresses extensively, produce pro-inflammatory substances in an NF-κB-dependent manner, release signaling factors, activate the onset of inflammatory responses in downstream pathways, and then participate in T-cell-mediated immune responses, which provides a new idea for the treatment of pain.

      [Key words] Interleukin-33; Pain; Pro-inflammatory substances; Immune response

      白細(xì)胞介素-33(interleukin-33, IL-33)是近年才被發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種多功能細(xì)胞因子,隸屬于 IL-1家族。IL-33與許多疾病都有著密切的關(guān)系,如心血管疾病、風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、多種惡性腫瘤等。既往研究結(jié)果顯示,患者產(chǎn)生疼痛感的同時(shí),機(jī)體內(nèi) IL-33呈明顯上升趨勢(shì),疼痛與 IL-33具有較強(qiáng)的依存關(guān)系[1-2]。因此,本文從 IL-33介導(dǎo)的疼痛機(jī)制出發(fā),探討其在神經(jīng)性疼痛、骨癌痛、手臂振動(dòng)綜合征和疼痛性膀胱綜合征等疾病中的作用及可能的治療思路。

      1 IL-33介導(dǎo)疼痛的機(jī)制

      1.1?? IL-33介導(dǎo)炎癥性疼痛的機(jī)制

      IL-33、生長(zhǎng)刺激表達(dá)基因 2蛋白(growth stimulation expressed gene 2 protein, ST2)與炎癥疼痛具有較大的相關(guān)性。ST2主要有兩種亞型,跨膜型 ST2(ST2L)和可溶型 ST2(sST2)[3],其中 sST2 是 IL-33的誘騙受體[4]。IL-33可通過 ST2受體發(fā)出信號(hào)激活核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)和 Janus 激酶2(JAK2)等相關(guān)酶[5],誘導(dǎo) MAPK 通路磷酸化,從而調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、相關(guān)酶、蛋白等底物[6],最終促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。同時(shí), IL-33還可以 NF-κB依賴性的方式產(chǎn)生、釋放促炎癥性遞質(zhì)如 IL-1β、腫瘤壞死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)和白細(xì)胞介素-6 等,進(jìn)一步加重炎癥性疼痛反應(yīng)。Gao 等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)軟骨下骨折后,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)除軟骨退變, IL-33和其他促炎細(xì)胞因子均升高,這提示 IL-33可能是軟骨下骨折后關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)股骨頭壞死潛在的促炎細(xì)胞因子。在非壓迫性腰椎間盤突出癥大鼠模型中,脊髓內(nèi)IL-33/ST2信號(hào)的激活與神經(jīng)根疼痛的發(fā)生發(fā)展關(guān)系密切[8]。另有研究表明,淋巴毒素(lymphotoxin,LT)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的完全阻斷會(huì)顯著降低Ⅱ型天然免疫細(xì)胞(type Ⅱ natural immune cells, ILC2)活性和2 型炎癥的下游反應(yīng),使 IL-33和 LT 缺陷小鼠中的 2型反應(yīng)等效減弱, ILC2的激活說明這些途徑之間存在強(qiáng)大協(xié)同作用[9]。

      因此,IL-33在炎癥性疼痛中可通過多條細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮作用,其中 ST2信號(hào)通路及 MAPK 通路磷酸化是誘導(dǎo)炎性疼痛的關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞通路,并且 IL-33誘導(dǎo)疼痛發(fā)生的劑量和組織炎癥程度具有相關(guān)性。

      1.2?? IL-33介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)性疼痛的機(jī)制

      神經(jīng)性疼痛是一種體感系統(tǒng)的病變或疾病直接引起的疼痛[10]。在坐骨神經(jīng)慢性壓迫性損傷的神經(jīng)病理性疼痛中, IL-33主要存在于脊髓少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中,其通過激活磷脂酰激醇3 激酶(PI3K)、 MAPK、西羅莫司靶蛋白和 NF-κB,促使核因子2 和 IL-1β產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)疼痛反應(yīng)[11]。在非壓迫性腰椎間盤突出癥大鼠模型中, IL-33/ST2信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)激活星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞 JAK2-STAT3級(jí)聯(lián)和神經(jīng)元CaMK Ⅱ-CREB 級(jí)聯(lián),引發(fā)神經(jīng)病理性疼痛 [11-12]。脊柱注射慢病毒載體編碼靶向 IL-33的短發(fā)夾狀 RNA(LV-shIL-33)后,脊髓內(nèi)的 IL-1β、 TNF-α和環(huán)氧合酶-2(COX-2)表達(dá)明顯降低,表明 IL-33可通過調(diào)節(jié) IL-1β等的表達(dá),參與神經(jīng)疼痛調(diào)節(jié)。Capitano 等[13]認(rèn)為, IL-33是通過作用于神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和脊髓少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞上的 ST2,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)了坐骨神經(jīng)慢性壓迫性損傷的神經(jīng)病理性疼痛。在大鼠備用神經(jīng)損傷模型(standby? nerve injury model, SNI)中,背根神經(jīng)節(jié)上的IL-33 和 ST2上調(diào)。鞘內(nèi)注射 IL-33或 ST2抗體可以減輕機(jī)械性異常性疼痛,降低 SNI 的 TNF-α和? IL-1β濃度,減輕全身炎癥反應(yīng),并誘導(dǎo)背根神經(jīng)節(jié)中 IL-33和 ST2下調(diào)[14]。

      IL-33可以多種方式調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)分子(如中性粒細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞)及信號(hào)通路,從而改善神經(jīng)性疼痛[15],然而,具體機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

      2 IL-33與疼痛相關(guān)疾病

      2.1?? IL-33與骨癌痛

      骨癌是由多種癌癥的原發(fā)或繼發(fā)性骨轉(zhuǎn)移所誘發(fā),如乳腺癌、肺癌和前列腺癌等,骨癌患者常常出現(xiàn)明顯的夜間痛,且疼痛程度難以忍受[16]。既往研究顯示,小鼠接種骨癌細(xì)胞后,脊髓及相關(guān)炎性細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)量均顯著提高,但受體表達(dá)無明顯變化,當(dāng)以中和性抗體干預(yù)信號(hào)通路或是敲除該受體基因后,接種受體的疼痛行為得到有效緩解,提示IL-33/ST2信號(hào)通路激活可誘發(fā)小鼠骨癌痛[16]。此外,免疫組織化學(xué)結(jié)果亦顯示,該信號(hào)通路在脊髓星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá)[17],可促進(jìn)中樞敏化,進(jìn)而參與調(diào)節(jié)骨癌痛。Zhao 等[18] 向骨癌疼痛模型小鼠鞘內(nèi)注射 ST2抗體,發(fā)現(xiàn)其可以阻斷 IL-33/ST2信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),減輕骨癌疼痛小鼠的疼痛,且具有劑量依賴性,提示 IL-33可以介導(dǎo) ST2,誘導(dǎo)骨癌痛[19]。

      2.2?? IL-33與手臂振動(dòng)綜合征

      由于職業(yè)原因手臂長(zhǎng)期地暴露于機(jī)械振動(dòng)下的患者,會(huì)產(chǎn)生手臂振動(dòng)綜合征(hand-arm vibration? syndrome, HAVS),其癥狀是持續(xù)性肌肉疼痛。 IL-33在骨骼肌損傷后的炎癥反應(yīng)和恢復(fù)過程中扮演著重要角色。Alvarez 等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),在成年雄性大鼠 HAVS 模型中振動(dòng)后24 h 內(nèi)觀察到大鼠同側(cè)腓腸肌中 IL-33含量升高,這與肌內(nèi)注射重組大鼠 IL-33(rrIL-33,10~ 300 ng)產(chǎn)生的痛覺過敏類似。而在鞘內(nèi)注射對(duì) IL-33R/ST2 mRNA 翻譯的寡聚脫氧核苷酸(ODN)可降低 DRG 中 ST2的表達(dá),并減弱 rrIL-33和振動(dòng)誘發(fā)的機(jī)械性痛覺過敏。以上發(fā)現(xiàn)表明靶向 IL-33/ST2信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)可能是治療 HAVS 中肌肉疼痛的有效策略,將有助于緩解人體工程學(xué)振動(dòng)引起的肌肉疼痛。

      2.3?? IL-33與疼痛性膀胱綜合征

      疼痛性膀胱綜合征(painful bladder syndrome, PBS)是一種較為常見的慢性炎癥性疼痛疾病,大多數(shù)患者在接受常規(guī)治療后疼痛改善不明顯[21]。 IC/PBS 患者的尿液中 IL-33水平升高,有研究認(rèn)為 IL-33可能與患者的疼痛相關(guān)[22]。Martin 等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)在肥大細(xì)胞缺陷 C-kit(-/-)和野生動(dòng)物中可誘導(dǎo)出類似 PBS 患者的炎癥狀態(tài),提示 IL-33肥大細(xì)胞依賴性軸可能是 PBS 中疼痛和炎癥的潛在病因。未來,靶向 IL-33肥大細(xì)胞軸進(jìn)行疼痛治療可能成為 PBS 患者的有效治療途徑。

      2.4?? IL-33與急性心肌梗死

      急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI)期間的疼痛和炎癥與創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙有關(guān),也可能對(duì)軀體結(jié)局產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[24]。Imholz等[25]報(bào)道了 AMI 期間疼痛、循環(huán)促炎(TNF-α、IL-6)和抗炎(IL-33、TGF-β1)細(xì)胞因子水平之間的關(guān)系,認(rèn)為 AMI 發(fā)作期間疼痛與抗炎細(xì)胞因子有關(guān),與促炎細(xì)胞因子無關(guān)。IL-33具有心臟保護(hù)作用,因此較低的 IL-33水平和劇烈的疼痛反應(yīng)可能提示了 AMI? 期間 IL-33水平與疼痛加劇有關(guān), IL-33水平可用于評(píng)估 AMI 患者預(yù)后情況。

      3 小結(jié)與展望

      IL-33及其受體 ST2在疼痛發(fā)生中具有重要作用,通過 ST2L 和 IL-1受體輔助蛋白組成的受體復(fù)合物作為活化信號(hào),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子、一氧化氮合酶、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶等效應(yīng)蛋白的表達(dá),在多種炎癥和自身免疫性疾病中協(xié)調(diào)炎癥反應(yīng)。在急性與慢性疼痛中,包含炎癥性疼痛、神經(jīng)性疼痛、骨癌痛、手臂振動(dòng)綜合征、疼痛性膀胱綜合征以及急性心肌梗死這些疼痛性疾病中, IL-33的表達(dá)量不同,且在通過特異的通路刺激不同的細(xì)胞活化,介導(dǎo)疼痛反應(yīng),但是相關(guān)的機(jī)制尚不完全明確,仍需未來進(jìn)一步研究。

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      (收稿日期:2021-08-14)

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