盛莉 余蘇姣 呂華瑤
[摘要] 目的 探討心肺超聲在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU)膿毒癥合并急性腎損傷中的運(yùn)用。 方法 回顧性分析2017年12月至2021年6月入住杭州市第一人民醫(yī)院ICU膿毒癥合并急性腎損傷患者臨床資料和心肺超聲特征。根據(jù)臨床結(jié)局,分為28 d病死組和28 d存活組,每組各32例,比較兩組心肺超聲參數(shù):下腔靜脈內(nèi)徑(IVC)、下腔靜脈吸氣塌陷率(IVC-CI)、左室內(nèi)徑(LVIDD)、每分鐘輸出量(CO)、肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓(PASP)、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)、二尖瓣E波速度和二尖瓣環(huán)舒張?jiān)缙谒俣缺戎担‥/e’)、雙肺超聲評(píng)分。應(yīng)用logistic回歸分析28 d病死影響的因素。運(yùn)用受試者工作特征曲線(xiàn)(ROC)評(píng)價(jià)心肺超聲參數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)28d病死的效能。 結(jié)果 與28 d存活組比較,28 d病死組IVC、PASP、E/e’、雙肺超聲評(píng)分、肌紅蛋白(MYO)明顯升高,下腔靜脈吸氣塌陷率、CO、EF、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)顯著減低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回歸分析顯示,IVC、EF、PASP、雙肺超聲評(píng)分是膿毒血癥合并急性腎損傷28 d病死的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其預(yù)測(cè)28 d病死ROC曲線(xiàn)下面積(AUC)分別為0.876、0.853、0.789、0.816。 結(jié)論 心肺超聲能較好地評(píng)估膿毒血癥合并急性腎損傷血流動(dòng)力學(xué),指導(dǎo)臨床管理。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 膿毒癥;急性腎損傷;超聲心動(dòng)描述術(shù);重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R459.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2022)14-0115-05
Application of cardiopulmonary ultrasound in sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury
SHENG Li YU Sujiao LYU Huayao
1.Department Imaging Chengbei Branch, Hangzhou First People′s Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China;2.Department of Critical Medicine, Hangzhou First People′s Hospital, Hangzhou 310022,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the application of cardiopulmonary ultrasound in the patients with sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit(ICU). Methods The clinical data and cardiopulmonary ultrasound characteristics of patients with sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury who were admitted to Hangzhou First People′s Hospital from December 2017 to June 2020 were restrospectively analyzed. According to the clinical outcome, they were divided into a 28-day death group and a 28-day survival group. There were 32 patients in each group. Cardiopulmonary ultrasound parameters, such as the inferior vena cava inner diameter (IVC),inferior vena cava inspiratory collapse rate, left ventricular diameter (LVIDD),output per minute (CO), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP),ratio of mitral valve E wave velocity and mitral ring early diastolic velocity (E/e′), and bilaterial lung ultrasound score were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of 28-day death.The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary ultrasound parameters in predicting 28-day death. Results Compared with the 28-day survival group,the IVC,PASP,E/e′,bilateral lung ultrasound score, and myoglobin (MYO) in the 28-day death group were significantly increased, while the inspiratory collapse rate of the inferior vena cava, CO, EF, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly reduced. The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in other ultrasound parameters such as LVIDD between the two groups(P>0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that IVC,EF,PASP,and bilaterial lung ultrasound scores were independent risk factors for 28-day death caused by sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury. The predicted area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 28-day death was 0.876,0.853,0.789, 0.816, respectively. Conclusion Cardiopulmonary ultrasound can better assess the hemodynamics of sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury and guide clinical management.IVC,EF,PASP,and bilateral lung ultrasound scores have a good evaluation value for the 28-day outcome of ICU sepsis complicated with acute kidney injury.
[Key words] Sepsis; Acute kidney injury; Echocardiography; Intensive care unit
急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)是重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(intensive care unit,ICU)膿毒血癥常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,研究結(jié)果表明,膿毒癥患者AKI的發(fā)生率約為50%,AKI合并膿毒癥患者的死亡率遠(yuǎn)高于單純膿毒癥患者[1]。在AKI發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂是一個(gè)非常重要的加重或誘發(fā)因素。本研究通過(guò)回顧性研究心肺聯(lián)合超聲評(píng)估膿毒癥合并AKI血流動(dòng)力學(xué),探討心肺超聲在膿毒血癥合并AKI中的臨床管理作用和預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧2017年12月至2021年6月入住杭州市第一人民醫(yī)院ICU膿毒癥并發(fā)AKI患者的臨床部分資料及心肺超聲檢查結(jié)果,依據(jù)存活天數(shù)分為28 d病死組和28 d存活組,每組各32例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡>18歲;②按照《中國(guó)嚴(yán)重膿毒癥/膿毒性休克治療指南》[2]及最新的美國(guó)腎臟病基金會(huì)(KDIGO)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]作為重癥膿毒癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和AKI診斷參照。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①入ICU前存在慢性腎臟病(CKD)4~5期或已接受持續(xù)性腎臟替代治療(RRT);②明確患有非感染因素所導(dǎo)致AKI,如腎移植術(shù)后、腎毒性藥物、泌尿系梗阻、造影劑等使用引起的AKI者;③臨床資料及超聲檢查項(xiàng)目不齊全者。28 d病死組中,男19例,女13例,平均年齡(76.3±5.53)歲,致膿毒血癥合并AKI原因:重癥肺炎16例(50.00%),膽道系統(tǒng)感染8例(25.00%),其他8例(25.00%)。28 d存活組中,男15例,女17例,平均年齡(75.2±4.91)歲,致膿毒血癥合并AKI原因:重癥肺炎18例(56.25%),膽道系統(tǒng)感染9例(28.12%),其他5例(15.63%)。兩組入選患者的臨床資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
心肺超聲使用床旁彩超機(jī)PHILIPS CX-50。兩位超聲醫(yī)師主要研究方向均為重癥超聲。檢查方法按照中國(guó)重癥超聲研究組尹萬(wàn)紅等[4]編寫(xiě)的《重癥超聲臨床應(yīng)用技術(shù)規(guī)范》為床旁心肺超聲操作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
①患者臨床資料:心率(heart rate,HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、24 h尿量、肌酐、肌紅蛋白(myoglobin,MYO);②依據(jù)肺部超聲評(píng)分方法獲取雙肺超聲評(píng)分;③心臟超聲參數(shù):下腔靜脈內(nèi)徑(inferior vena cava,IVC)和下腔靜脈吸氣塌陷率(inferior vena cava inspiratory collapse rate,IVC-CI)、左室舒張期內(nèi)徑(left ventricular diastolic diameter,LVIDD)、每分鐘輸出量(output per minute,CO)、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(ejection fraction,EF)、肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓(pulmonary artery systolic pressure,PASP)、二尖瓣E波速度和二尖瓣環(huán)舒張?jiān)缙谒俣缺戎担╩itral e wave velocity and mitral annulus early diastolic velocity ratio,E/e’)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用SPSS 22.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組之間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);率的比較采用χ檢驗(yàn)。以28 d病死組作為因變量,采用二分類(lèi)單因素和多因素logistic回歸分析篩選出28 d病死組的相關(guān)因素,采用ROC曲線(xiàn)分析心肺超聲各參數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)28 d病死的效能,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 28 d病死組、28 d存活組臨床資料和心肺參數(shù)比較
兩組HR、24 h尿量、肌酐、LVIDD比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。MAP、MYO、IVC、IVC-CI、CO、EF、PASP、E/e’、雙肺超聲評(píng)分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 預(yù)測(cè)28 d病死的危險(xiǎn)因素
單因素logistic回歸分析顯示,MAP、MYO、IVC、IVC-CI、CO、EF、PASP、E/e’、PASP、雙肺超聲評(píng)分與28 d病死率有顯著相關(guān)性(P<0.05)。對(duì)以上自變量做多因素logistic回歸,結(jié)果顯示IVC(OR=1.713,P=0.001)、EF(OR=1.065,P=0.048)、PASP(OR=1.314,P=0.003),雙肺超聲評(píng)分(OR=1.367,P=0.001)可作為預(yù)測(cè)膿毒血癥合并AKI 28 d病死的危險(xiǎn)因素。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 心肺超聲參數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)28 d病死的效能
使用ROC曲線(xiàn)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,IVC、EF、PASP、雙肺超聲評(píng)分的AUC依次為0.876、0.853、0.789、0.816。見(jiàn)圖1、表3。
3 討論
膿毒癥在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房具有極高的發(fā)病率和死亡率,已成為重癥患者死亡的主要原因[5]。急性腎損傷通常以腎功能迅速下降為特征,急性腎損傷可由多種因素引起,包括藥物使用、缺血/再灌注和感染[6-8]。近年來(lái),急性腎損傷的發(fā)病率和死亡率不斷上升,與其他原因相比,膿毒癥使急性腎損傷的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更加不穩(wěn)定;疾病嚴(yán)重程度越高,最終死亡率也顯著增加。早期診斷和治療的延誤導(dǎo)致疾病的持續(xù)進(jìn)展,持續(xù)的低灌注導(dǎo)致急性腎小管壞死,最終發(fā)展為不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損害,甚至患者死亡[9-11]。
本研究中,28 d病死組與28 d存活組MAP、MYO兩組數(shù)值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),既往研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)[12]平均動(dòng)脈壓維持水平對(duì)重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房感染性休克患者腎功能及腎血流指標(biāo)影響較大。低血壓(MAP<77 mmHg)作為AKI患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的重要性提供了證據(jù)[13]。
近年來(lái)床旁重癥超聲特別是心肺聯(lián)合超聲在ICU中得到廣泛運(yùn)用,在心功能、評(píng)估容量狀態(tài)、容量反應(yīng)性、呼吸困難病因?qū)W分析等起著重要作用。IVC是一種高度順應(yīng)性血管,其大小和動(dòng)力學(xué)隨右心房(RAP)和中心靜脈壓(CVP)及血管內(nèi)容量的變化而變化[14]。使用超聲測(cè)量的IVC塌陷程度已被證明與成人和兒童患者的血管內(nèi)容量密切相關(guān)[14-16]。與傳統(tǒng)的體格檢查相比,肺部超聲是一種無(wú)創(chuàng)、易于使用的檢測(cè)血管外肺水(EVLW)的技術(shù)[17]。它通過(guò)計(jì)算B線(xiàn)的數(shù)量(B線(xiàn)評(píng)分)來(lái)評(píng)估透析患者的容量狀態(tài)[18]。肺部超聲評(píng)分通過(guò)肺部超聲評(píng)估肺通氣狀態(tài),以分值體現(xiàn)其通氣圖像結(jié)果,并且肺部異常分布不會(huì)隨體位而改變,相對(duì)于CT具有成本低廉、快捷、簡(jiǎn)便等優(yōu)勢(shì)[19]。
本研究顯示,心肺超聲在膿毒血癥合并急性腎損傷中的價(jià)值,首先IVC、IVC-CI、PASP及雙側(cè)肺部超聲評(píng)分28 d病死組明顯增高,提示患者容量過(guò)負(fù)荷、右心負(fù)荷增加、血管外肺水明顯增加。其次28 d病死組E/e’明顯高于28 d存活組,EF、CO明顯減低,表明28 d病死組存在更明顯的心臟收縮和舒張功能減低。心臟和肺臟是體內(nèi)循環(huán)的重要臟器,兩者相互關(guān)聯(lián),E/e’反映左房壓增高,左房壓增高致使肺靜脈壓增高,進(jìn)一步增加血管外肺水,導(dǎo)致雙側(cè)肺部超聲評(píng)分明顯高于28 d存活組。研究也表明E/e’作為反映左室舒張功能和左室舒張末壓的重要指標(biāo),有助于評(píng)估肺損傷患者的預(yù)后[20]。
綜上所述,膿毒血癥合并AKI 28 d病死組心肺超聲表現(xiàn)為心功能減低、容量過(guò)負(fù)荷、血管外肺水增多,對(duì)這類(lèi)患者臨床需要更精細(xì)的管理,避免容量進(jìn)一步增多,損傷心功能,增加血管外肺水。如果患者不存在容量過(guò)負(fù)荷,可以適度補(bǔ)充容量,促進(jìn)腎血流恢復(fù)。進(jìn)一步的多因素logistic分析發(fā)現(xiàn),IVC、EF、PASP、雙肺超聲評(píng)分對(duì)膿毒血癥合并急性腎損傷有良好的預(yù)測(cè)效能。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]? ?Kellum JA,Wen X,de Caestecker MP,et al. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: A problem deserving of new solutions[J].Nephron,2019,143(3):174-178.
[2]? ?中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)重癥醫(yī)學(xué)分會(huì).中國(guó)嚴(yán)重膿毒癥膿毒性休克治療指南(2014)[J].中華內(nèi)科學(xué)雜志,2015,54(4):401-426.
[3]? ?Singer M,Deutschman CS,Seymour CW,et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock(Sepsis-3)[J].JAMA,2016,315 (8): 801-810.
[4]? ?尹萬(wàn)紅,王小亭,劉大為,等.重癥超聲臨床應(yīng)用技術(shù)規(guī)范[J].中華內(nèi)科雜志,2018,57(6):397-417.
[5]? ?Huang M,Cai S,Su J.The pathogenesis of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2019,20(21):5376.
[6]? ?Cao C,Yao Y,Zeng R.Lymphocytes:Versatile participants in acute kidney injury and progression to chronic kidney disease[J].Front Physiol,2021,12:729 084.
[7]? ?Sebastià C,Páez-Carpio A,Guillen E,et al.Oral hydration as a safe prophylactic measure to prevent post-contrast acute kidney injury in oncologic patients with chronic kidney disease (Ⅲb)referred for contrast-enhanced computed tomography:Subanalysis of the oncological group of the NICIR study[J].Support Care Cancer,2022,30(2):1879-1887.
[8]? ?Krieg S,Seeger H,Hofmann P,et al.Baseline creatinine predicts acute kidney injury during intensive therapy in transplant-eligible patients with acute myeloid leukaemia[J].Br J Haematol,2022,196(3):781-784.
[9]? ?Li Y,Zhai P,Zheng Y,et al.Csf2 attenuated sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by promoting alternative macrophage transition[J].Front Immunol,2020,11:1415.
[10]? Zhong Y,Wu S,Yang Y,et al. LIGHT aggravates sepsis-associated acute kidney injury via TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway[J].J Cell Mol Med,2020,24(20):11 936-11 948.
[11]? Barreto DS,Sedgwick EL,Nagi CS,et al. Granulomatous mastitis:Etiology,imaging,pathology,treatment,and clinical findings[J].Breast Cancer Research and Treatment,2018, 171(3):527-534.
[12]? 仝旭亞,劉衛(wèi)芳,宋穎飛,等.平均動(dòng)脈壓維持水平對(duì)感染性休克患者腎功能及腎血流指標(biāo)的影響研究[J].中華醫(yī)院感染學(xué)雜志,2017,27(4):762-765.
[13]? Ko CH,Lan YW,Chen YC,et al.Effects of mean artery pressure and blood pH on survival rate of patients with acute kidney injury combined with acute hypoxic respiratory failure:A retrospective study[J].Medicina (Kaunas),2021,57(11):504-513.
[14]? Ciozda W,Kedan I,Kehl DW,et al.The efficacy of sonographic measurement of inferior vena cava diameter as an estimate of central venous pressure[J].Cardiovasc Ultrasound,2016,14:33.
[15]? Haciomeroglu P,Ozkaya O,Gunal N,et al. Venous collapsibility index changes in children on dialysis[J].Nephrology (Carlton),2007,12:135-139.
[16]? Vaish H,Kumar V,Anand R,et al.The correlation between inferior vena cava diameter measured by ultrasonography and central venous pressure[J].Indian J Pediatr,2017, 84:757-762.
[17]? Torino C,Gargani L,Sicari R,et al.The agreement between auscultation and lung ultrasound in hemodialysis patients:The LUST study[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2016, 11(11):2005-2011.
[18]? Lichtenstein D,Mézière G,Biderman P,et al.The comet-tail artifact. An ultrasound sign of alveolar-interstitial syndrome[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1997,156(5):1640-1646.
[19]? 丁欣,王小亭,劉大為.肺部超聲可用于評(píng)估急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者俯臥位潛能及預(yù)后[J].中華內(nèi)科雜志,2017,56(5):378.
[20]? 王峰,張偉華,陳培莉.左心室舒張功能預(yù)測(cè)老年膿毒癥相關(guān)性和急性肺損傷及急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者近期預(yù)后的價(jià)值[J].中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2019,38(11):1223-1228.
(收稿日期:2021-05-14)