文/焦麗霞

在上一篇文章中，我們分享了如何通過精聽練習來提升聽力水平。除精聽外，泛聽也非常重要。所謂泛聽，一是聽力材料的選擇范圍要廣（練習的選材不僅局限于課本，也要從書籍、網絡、app 等渠道獲取不同體裁不同題材的聽力練習材料，涵蓋音頻視頻）；二是聽力練習要保證一定的頻次和時長，比如一周可以練習三至四次，每次堅持半個小時（當然每天能堅持練習更好）；三是對于材料的理解不必做到逐字逐詞逐句都能理解，只要能掌握篇章大意以及重要細節(jié)即可。泛聽練習有以下需要注意的方面：

一、增加輸入，積累詞匯。

詞匯就如蓋房子的磚瓦。沒有詞匯，英語學習就無從談起。因此，要想提高英語各項技能，包括聽力，都需要以積累詞匯為前提。詞匯既包括積極詞匯，也包括消極詞匯。所謂的積極詞匯就是在英語實際使用過程中能夠運用的詞匯，這類詞匯在正常語速時聽見就明白，想說就能說，想寫就能寫；消極詞匯一般是指在閱讀中碰到，經過短時間思考，或者根據上下文能夠有把握地推斷出它的含義的詞匯。在日常學習中，學生可以通過大量閱讀來積累詞匯，進而促進聽力水平的提高。

以下列聽力文段為例：

Successful future professionals will be those who continuously learn and adapt both their skills and themselves.Based on global research and insights,we’ve identified future skills that matter: complex problem solving, creativity,emotional intelligence, cognitive flexibility, collaboration.With these, you’ll always be in demand.And you’ll need to adapt yourself to the new world of work.Have self-reliance, resilience.Self-promote, and constantly develop yourself but crucially don’t do it all on your own because networks will be even more critical.So if you can continuously adapt, the developments around you will no longer be a threat.Instead change becomes an opportunity.

如果學生熟悉professional、insight、identify、cognitive、flexibility、collaboration、self-reliance、resilience、threat 等詞匯，文段理解起來就會容易很多，反之就會聽得比較吃力。

實際上，聽力練習也能幫助學生積累詞匯。英語是音形合一的語言。在練習聽力的過程中，學生可以積累一些對于文段理解很重要、但是自己又不認識或者不熟悉的詞匯。例如，當多數學生聽到 [?ref??rend?m] 這個讀音，會覺得這是一個生詞，這時可以嘗試可以根據讀音把單詞拼寫出來。它可能會被拼寫為referendom 或 referendum，然后學生可查字典核實，發(fā)現其正確形式應該是 referendum。通過這種方式習得的詞匯會深刻地儲存在記憶中。

另外，學生還可以嘗試根據話題搭建詞匯或語塊網絡。比如，在練習聽了多篇關于“氣候變化及應對”話題的新聞報道的基礎上，學生可以收集到如下詞匯或語塊：氣候變化（continuous high temperature, greenhouse effect,glacier melting）、氣候變化的影響（pose severe challenges to human survival and development, break the ecological balance）、應對氣候變化的努力（call on the international community to work together, to foster a community for man and nature with unprecedented ambition and action, jointly build a community of life for man and nature, be committed to harmony between man and nature, jointly advance global environmental governance）。這些詞匯和語塊的積累有助于學生提升對某個話題的熟悉程度，在聽力練習或考試中更容易理解相關文段。

二、把握主題，掌握重要細節(jié)。

在泛聽練習中，學生們需要注意：一定不能只聽慢速英語或者大學英語四六級中發(fā)音和語調非常標準、閱讀速度非常適中的聽力材料，而是要適當練習聽一些發(fā)音語調可能不一定很標準、閱讀速度很快的聽力材料。多聽多練快速聽力材料有助于提升整體的聽力水平。

在練習這類材料的過程中，不要試圖逐字逐詞去理解，要嘗試把握段落主旨以及重要細節(jié)。例如：有一個對于Madonna 的英文采訪，語速較快，學生聽起來會有一定困難。這時，不需要做到100%的理解，只要能把關鍵的問題以及答案識別出來即可。實際上，視頻只提出并回答了三個關鍵問題：

1) Why did Madonna think it a commitment to help those African children?

Because she connected the children’s experience to her own.She grew up as a motherless child and she could understand the sufferings of those children.

（Madonna grew up as a motherless child.Although she had roof over her head,she had food and she had school to go to, she still thought her world was going to collapse on her.Most of these children are orphans.Life is tougher for them.）

2) Why did Madonna undergo some changes in herself?

老賈取回自己手機，又一陣搗鼓，再遞給孟導時手機里顯示了一張‘乾隆通寶’專用的滿漢文的對照圖，孟導拿出自己的手機讓老賈調出價格表的網頁，則辨認起滿文來。

According to Madonna, having children and having a family forced one to think about people besides oneself.And she realized that she had had so much.It would be a tragedy if she did not use what she had to make the world a better place.

3) Was it complicated to adopt a child?

Yes.(Take Madonna’s case for example.She was not even granted full adoption.For the past eighteen months, she had been the foster parent.Every six months, she has been visited by social workers, who would visit her house to make sure she was being the good parent and the child was thriving and ask her a lot of invasive questions.She had been fingerprinted for about twenty times and undergone psychological evaluations.)

學生在聽第一遍時，可以初步回答這些問題。在聽第二遍和第三遍時，可以抓住一些關鍵細節(jié)，即上面答案中括號里面的內容。

三、適時參照聽力原文。

所謂適時，指的是在進行聽力練習時，不要一開始就直接參考聽力原文。

正確的做法：先專注認真地聽兩到三遍，把握文段主旨并抓住主要細節(jié)。在此過程中，記錄自己聽力的難點在哪里、障礙在哪里。隨后可以參考聽力原文，了解自己為什么會出現障礙：是因為對于某些詞匯不夠熟悉？或者是對某些長句的理解上有困難？還是某些方面的背景知識不夠？最后，可以在分析問題的基礎上找出相應的提升策略。如果從一開始就參照原文進行練習，很容易產生錯覺，即材料的所有內容已經聽懂了。其實事實并非如此。以下列文段為例：

學生在練聽上面文段的過程中，可能會因為不熟悉某些詞匯產生理解障礙，比如 governance 和 multilateral；也可能由于對于時事新聞關注不足或者背景知識匱乏產生理解障礙，比如 peak carbon dioxide（碳達峰）和carbon neutrality（碳中和）。在分析清楚自己所存在問題的基礎上，學生可以找到相應的對策。

四、注重聽說結合。

在日常學習中，學生要注意提升自己的語音語調。正確的發(fā)音語調可以幫助學生更快更準確地聽懂聽力文段。所以，學生在平時要多多朗讀，對于不熟悉的詞匯要勤查詞典，把握重要詞匯的發(fā)音、拼寫、搭配和例句等。另外，要練習聽一些慢速材料，注意把握語音語調以及句子中的抑揚頓挫。

此外，還可以進行一些文段復述練習。在復述文段的過程中，要把握好文段的主旨和重要細節(jié)，同時理清文段的層次。比如，有一個關于“壓力”的視頻，視頻開頭提出 stress may accelerate aging，隨后提及一個相關實驗，最后提出了壓力的應對辦法。學生可以根據這個層次復述如下：

①Stress may accelerate aging.②In one study, 39 women with chronically ill children were compared to 19 women with healthy children.③They were asked to rate how overwhelmed they felt by daily life.④It was found that for the women with the highest stress, their cells did appear to be prematurely aged,around a decade older.⑤But what it matters is not the stress itself, but how one perceives stress.⑥How people perceive stress is a very important factor in protecting their health.⑦People have to find buffers to stress, like family,friends, meditation, exercise or even medicine.

以上這個短小的段落層次清晰：主旨句為第①句，第②-④句是例證，第⑤⑥句指出“人們如何看待壓力是影響健康的重要因素”，最后一句提出緩解壓力的方法。

再例如，有一個關于“年輕人失業(yè)問題”的視頻。學生也可以在聽的基礎上進行復述練習如下：

Youth unemployment is a global problem.It affects all types of economies in every region of the world.These days, young women and men are three times more likely to be unemployed than their older counterparts.In developed countries like the US, nearly one young person in every six is unemployed.Young people in the Middle East and North Africa have the highest rate of unemployment as there is a youth bulge in the Middle East.In Egypt, the government used to guarantee jobs for all graduates, but no longer.And many of the graduates are not qualified for the private sector jobs.Gender also plays a role in the Middle East.Fewer than one in three young women are employed even though women are generally more educated than men.The outlook for young people all of the world is bleak because they have two thrusts against them: they lack large network and also work experience.

以上段落的結構非常清楚。首句為段落中心句，指出“年輕人失業(yè)是全球性的問題”；中間部分通過舉例證明年輕人失業(yè)無論是在發(fā)達國家還是欠發(fā)達國家都是嚴重問題；末句指出：年輕人就業(yè)前景不佳，因為他們既缺乏社會關系網，又缺乏工作經驗。

學生通過理清思路進行這樣的復述練習，可以提高學生的邏輯思維能力。在復述的過程中，學生可以盡可能使用原文詞語，來積累更多詞匯。學生也可以了解如何在語境中準確運用這些詞匯。

最后，還需要指出一點：學生要通過大量閱讀擴大知識面、積累學科知識，同時要關注時事新聞。這些都會助力聽力水平的提高。 □