黃紅偉

隨著我國教育的不斷發(fā)展和教育體制改革的深入進(jìn)行，在英語教學(xué)中對學(xué)生的閱讀能力要求也有了進(jìn)一步提高。英語閱讀理解是高中英語教學(xué)的重要活動。學(xué)生通過英語閱讀培養(yǎng)了閱讀能力,并以閱讀能力為基礎(chǔ)去發(fā)展其他各種語言能力,如聽，說，寫，譯的能力。同時(shí)，結(jié)合歷年的高考情況來看，不管是哪個(gè)省的試題，閱讀理解題的分值比重一直比較大，所以，閱讀理解能力的高低直接影響學(xué)生的英語成績，因而重視閱讀教學(xué)和解題技巧勢在必行。

高考閱讀理解根據(jù)《考試大綱》的要求命題，基本上可以分為五類：1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題；2.詞義猜測題；3.主旨大意題；4.推理判斷題；5.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題；6.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。歷年來高考試題中的生詞量有增無減，《教學(xué)大綱》要求學(xué)生“讀懂生詞率不超過3%的傳記，故事，記敘文，科普小品文和有關(guān)社會史知識等不同題材的材料”。而每年在高考閱讀中出現(xiàn)大量的生詞成為學(xué)生理解文章的“絆腳石”。所以掌握正確的方法，我們才能快速而準(zhǔn)確地猜測出文中生詞的含義以及提高詞義猜測題的正確率。下面本人就結(jié)合2010年各省的高考來談?wù)勯喿x理解的解題技巧之一：詞義猜測。有以下幾種方法：

方法一：同義詞、近義詞：作者可能會用一個(gè)近義詞或者同義詞去解釋另一個(gè)更難的詞，以便使他的文字意思更清楚，近義詞往往出現(xiàn)在同一句或者同一段落中，而且通常會有以下這些信號詞:and, or, namely, that is (to say)等。

例如：2010重慶卷：One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled.

Q: What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean? ____.

A. Unfriendly B. Untidy

C. Gentle D. Kind

分析：根據(jù)an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. 可知disheveled與unshaven是同義詞，故選B。

方法二：反義詞：利用文中的反義詞以及表對比關(guān)系的詞（組）來猜測詞義。通常在句中，上下文中出現(xiàn)以下這些信號詞：unlike， but， however, while, instead, otherwise, on the other hand等。

例如: 2010四川卷：While matters of money and care won?蒺t be settled for weeks, Jane hardly puts her life on hold.

Q：What does the underlined sentence in the third paragraph mean? ____.

A． Jane?蒺s life is very difficult

B． Jane continues to live as usual

C． Jane almost can?蒺t control her life

D． Jane works very hard to live a happy life

分析：依據(jù)While matters of money and care won?蒺t be settled for weeks, 此處while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，意為“盡管錢和撫養(yǎng)的問題在幾周內(nèi)難以解決，但Jane幾乎不讓生活受到影響?！币虼苏_答案為B。

例如:2010廣東卷：It is probably not your fault， but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation，you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winner?蒺s key to success.

Q: The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____.

A. avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider

分析：根據(jù)However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation.尤其是however，進(jìn)行意思上的轉(zhuǎn)折，所以應(yīng)選C。

方法三：定義、解釋或舉例：在文中的字里行間，對生詞以定語（從句），表語或同位語（從句）甚至是逗號、破折號等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號引出并加以解釋說明的方式。

例如：2010江蘇卷：The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. 根據(jù)句中which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals，可知occupational 意思為“職業(yè)的”。

例如：2010四川卷：Fox Point is operated by Palladia, a group that specializes in providing housing and services to needy people. 根據(jù)同位語 a group以及定語從句that specializes in providing housing and services to needy people.就可知道：Palladia是一個(gè)專門從事提供住所、服務(wù)給窮人的團(tuán)體。

方法四：因果關(guān)系：從原因推測結(jié)果，從結(jié)果推測原因。常有以下的這些信號詞： because, as，since， for， so， thus， as a result， therefore， so that， etc

例如：2010遼寧卷：I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I?蒺m in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York.

Q: What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? ____.

A. ChoiceB. TryC. StyleD. Goal

分析：從第一句的hate，到but意義上的轉(zhuǎn)折，以及后兩句because I?蒺m in London和because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York可知try的意思接近shot，意思為：嘗試。因此答案為B。

方法五：情景推斷：猜測任何詞義都離不開文章的語言情景，詞義可以從上下文的具體語言環(huán)境中推斷出來。

例如：2010湖北卷：Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents?蒺 point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents?蒺 complete unreasonableness. And of course， the teens see it in exactly the same way, except oppositely.

Q: What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean? ____.

A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.

B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict

C. The teens cause their parents of misleading them

D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents

分析：從“In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents?蒺 point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents?蒺 complete unreasonableness.”和“except oppositely”可以得出答案為A。

方法六：代詞替代法：一般來講，代詞所指代的內(nèi)容在這一句的前后句中能找到相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容。

例如：2010北京卷：There are pressing calls on the resources(資源) of the government. Using taxpayers?蒺 money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.

Q: The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to ____.

A. taxpayers B. pressing calls

C. college graduates D. government resources

分析：根據(jù)上一句There are pressing calls on the resources (資源) of the government.可知道答案為B。

方法七：經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識:

例如：2010陜西卷：When I first got an e?鄄mail account ten years ago, I received communications only from family, friends, and colleagues. Now it seems that every time I check my e?鄄mail, I have an endless series of advertisements and other correspondence that do not interest me at all. If we want e?鄄mail to continue to be useful, we need specific laws that make spamming(發(fā)送垃圾郵件) a crime.

Q: What does the underlined word “correspondence” in the Paragraph 1 probably mean? ____.

A. messages B. ideas

C. connections D. programs

分析：現(xiàn)在的e?鄄mail有許多advertisements,根據(jù)常識我們應(yīng)該知道e?鄄mail上還有我們不感興趣的信息。

方法八：構(gòu)詞法:英語單詞大多是由詞根、詞頭（前綴）和詞尾（后綴）所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。在詞根前或后加上前綴或后綴，可以用來引申或轉(zhuǎn)變原詞的意義。只要我們掌握了各種詞根、詞頭和詞尾的基本含義，那么就可以很容易猜測出由其構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。下面本人主要談?wù)剺?gòu)成新詞義的前綴。

例如：2010江蘇卷：fore?鄄(先于；預(yù)先)：foresee(預(yù)見，預(yù)知)；extra?鄄（超出；非常）：extraordinary(非凡的)； step?鄄(繼……)：stepmother(繼母)，stepbrother(繼弟)

例如：2010浙江卷：super?鄄（超級）：superstar(超級明星)；co?鄄(共同)：corenters(合租人)； multi?鄄(多個(gè)，許多的)：multitasking（多任務(wù)處理）

例如：2010山東卷: over?鄄（在……之上）：over?鄄consumption(過度消費(fèi)); semi?鄄(半):semiconductor(半導(dǎo)體)

例如：2010湖南卷:auto?鄄(自己的)：autobiography（自傳）；self?鄄(自身的)：self?鄄controlled（自我控制）,self?鄄pity（自憐）

例如：2010湖北卷: self?鄄taught（自學(xué)的）；semicircle（半圓）

除此之外，還有一些常在閱讀理解文章中出現(xiàn)的重要前綴：en?鄄(使): enable使能夠; inter?鄄(相互): interaction相互作用; anti?鄄(反抗): anti?鄄Japanese War反日戰(zhàn)爭; bi?鄄(雙，二): biweekly雙周; tri?鄄(三):triangle(三角形)，等等。

除了掌握以上的方法外，我們還要注意文中的熟詞生義。

例如：2010江蘇卷：China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital investment. capital我們所熟悉的含義：首都, 但在這里應(yīng)理解為：資本，資金。

例如：2010四川卷：Every writer starts off knowing that he has something to say, but being unable to find the right ways to say it. He has to find his own voice by reading widely and discovering which parts of the writers he agrees or disagrees with, or agrees with so strongly that it reshapes his own world. voice我們所熟悉的含義：聲音、嗓音, 而在這里根據(jù)上下文的意思應(yīng)理解為：a way of writing。

總之,要想提高閱讀速度和理解能力，在高考中取得高分，我們一定要掌握好以上的解題技巧。