王建忠 武永剛 董慧珍
. 論著 Original article .
阿托伐他汀對(duì)糖皮質(zhì)激素性股骨頭壞死骨組織MMP / TIMP 系統(tǒng)的影響
王建忠 武永剛 董慧珍
目的觀察阿托伐他汀對(duì)長期應(yīng)用皮質(zhì)激素大鼠骨組織中基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2 ( matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2 )、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9 ( matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9 ) 及其特異性抑制因子基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑-1 ( tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1,TIMP-1 ) 和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑-2 ( tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2,TIMP-2 ) mRNA 表達(dá)的影響,探討阿托伐他汀預(yù)防激素性股骨頭壞死的效果及其作用機(jī)制。方法健康 SD 大鼠 30 只,采用數(shù)字隨機(jī)法,分為激素組、阿托伐他汀組和對(duì)照組 3 個(gè)組,每組 10 只。激素組和阿托伐他汀組給予肌內(nèi)注射醋酸潑尼松龍 12.5 mg / kg,每周 2 次;阿托伐他汀組同時(shí)給予阿托伐他汀 1 mg / kg 灌胃,每日 1 次 ( 按每千克體重最大用量給藥,每天最大用量是 60 mg,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物給藥量為 60 mg / 60 kg 體重 );對(duì)照組只給予相同體積生理鹽水肌注。給藥后 4 周取左側(cè)股骨頭骨組織石蠟包埋,HE 染色,鑒定骨質(zhì)疏松和股骨頭壞死情況;取右側(cè)股骨頭骨組織提取總 RNA,采用逆轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng) ( RT-PCR ) 技術(shù)檢測(cè) MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1 和 TIMP-2 的 mRNA 表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果激素組與阿托伐他汀組各有 1 只動(dòng)物死亡。對(duì)照組股骨頭骨組織切片 HE 染色可見骨小梁由板層骨構(gòu)成,絕大多數(shù)小梁骨陷窩內(nèi)可見骨細(xì)胞,小梁間為血管和骨髓。激素組表現(xiàn)為骨小梁稀疏和大量不連續(xù)的骨碎片及骨髓壞死,碎片骨陷窩內(nèi)骨細(xì)胞大部分消失,周圍有大量炎性肉芽組織,阿托伐他汀組介于兩者之間,輕度炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,骨小梁略纖細(xì),多數(shù)小梁骨陷窩內(nèi)可見骨細(xì)胞,小梁間為血管和骨髓。MMP-2 在激素組、阿托伐他汀組、對(duì)照組中的表達(dá)分別為 0.15±0.04、0.10±0.09、0.09±0.03;MMP-9 在 3 組中的表達(dá)分別為 0.13±0.03,0.11±0.05 和 0.08±0.02;TIMP-1 在 3 組中的表達(dá)分別為 0.07±0.02,0.15±0.05 和 0.18±0.04;TIMP-2 在3 組中的表達(dá)分別為 0.45±0.15,0.73±0.08 和 0.69±0.19。激素組與對(duì)照組比較,MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA 表達(dá)增高,TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA 的表達(dá)降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 );阿托伐他汀組與對(duì)照組比較,除 MMP-9 差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義外,其余差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;阿托伐他汀組與激素組比較,MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA 表達(dá)降低,TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA 表達(dá)增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 )。結(jié)論醋酸潑尼松龍上調(diào)大鼠骨組織中 MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA 的表達(dá)水平,下調(diào) TIMP-1、TIMP-2 的表達(dá)水平,使 MMPs / TIMPs比值升高。阿托伐他汀可以拮抗皮質(zhì)激素對(duì) MMPs / TIMPs 系統(tǒng)的調(diào)控。
糖皮質(zhì)激素類;骨壞死;受體,細(xì)胞因子;藥物評(píng)價(jià)
基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶 ( matrix metalloproteinase,MMPs ) 及其特異性抑制因子基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑 ( tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases,TIMPs ) 是參與降解包括骨在內(nèi)的全身各種組織細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的蛋白酶家族。已證實(shí) MMPs / TIMPs 系統(tǒng)在機(jī)體各種組織的發(fā)育和修復(fù)[1-2]、腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[3-6]、炎癥反應(yīng)[7]等過程中都發(fā)揮著重要的作用,而且與激素性骨壞死的發(fā)生也存在一定關(guān)系[8]。成熟破骨細(xì)胞的活化是骨吸收的前提,成骨細(xì)胞通過分泌 MMPs 來完成對(duì)破骨細(xì)胞的活化。其中,MMPs中的膠原酶發(fā)揮重要的介導(dǎo)作用。Holliday 等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)在膠原酶抑制劑存在條件下破骨細(xì)胞的骨吸收作用被明顯抑制,而在半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑或其它MMPs 抑制劑存在條件下破骨細(xì)胞的骨吸收作用只能部分減弱。這表明鄰近破骨細(xì)胞的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞和成骨細(xì)胞通過釋放大量膠原酶分解膠原產(chǎn)生膠原質(zhì)片段從而激活破骨細(xì)胞的骨吸收作用??梢娔z原酶不僅直接參與破骨細(xì)胞的骨吸收過程,而且是成骨細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)破骨細(xì)胞骨吸收的中介因子之一。
研究表明 MMPs 也參與了被活化的破骨細(xì)胞向礦化骨表面的移行和貼附過程。Sato 在兔破骨細(xì)胞中檢測(cè)到高表達(dá)的 MT1-MMP,而且 MT1-MMP 與相應(yīng)于板狀偽足和偽足小體區(qū)域的基底膜反應(yīng)。推測(cè)MT1-MMP 與破骨細(xì)胞的遷移和貼附有關(guān)。另外 Sato等[10]將純化的破骨細(xì)胞分別培養(yǎng)于涂或未涂膠原的骨片上。在未涂膠原的骨片上 MMPs 抑制劑未能抑制骨陷窩的形成,而在涂有膠原的骨片上 MMPs 抑制劑有效的抑制了骨陷窩的形成。使用其它類的蛋白酶抑制劑沒有出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象。表明破骨細(xì)胞依賴于部分 MMPs 的活動(dòng)以移行到骨吸收區(qū)域。可見,MMPs 不僅直接參與骨基質(zhì)降解,而且破骨細(xì)胞的遷移和貼附也依賴于部分 MMPs 的活動(dòng)。
Mattot 等[11]對(duì)小鼠胚胎發(fā)育的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在長骨和肋骨的肥大軟骨細(xì)胞中或遷移到長骨骨形成區(qū)域的成骨細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中有膠原酶的轉(zhuǎn)錄積聚,而 TIMP-2 的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄要提前于膠原酶。提示TIMP-2 不僅局限在轉(zhuǎn)錄后,而且在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平對(duì)其有調(diào)控作用。而在病理骨改建中對(duì) MMPs 的調(diào)控作用的失調(diào)導(dǎo)致 MMPs 的過量表達(dá)。Rubin 等[12]通過建立廢用尺骨的動(dòng)物模型研究膠原酶-1 的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)膠原酶-1 在廢用尺骨骨細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)明顯高于正常尺骨。在對(duì)骨質(zhì)疏松的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):在骨質(zhì)疏松小鼠的脛骨中,破骨細(xì)胞釋放的 MMP-9 較正常小鼠高約 4 倍。Bord 等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)在正常的新生肋骨中破骨細(xì)胞持續(xù)表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的 TIMP-1,而在病理性骨和異位骨中破骨細(xì)胞不表達(dá)或表達(dá)很少的 TIMP-1。這表明 TIMP 與 MMPs 之間的平衡影響骨的轉(zhuǎn)換和改建過程。
近年有研究表明,他汀類藥物因其降脂功能被用來防治激素性骨質(zhì)疏松與股骨頭壞死,但未見關(guān)于阿托伐他汀對(duì)激素性股骨頭壞死骨組織 MMPs / TIMPs 系統(tǒng)作用的研究。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,我們對(duì)長期應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素 SD 大鼠,預(yù)防性給予阿托伐他汀干預(yù),通過逆轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng) ( reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR ),觀察阿托伐他汀對(duì)大鼠股骨頭骨組織 MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA 表達(dá)的影響,評(píng)估阿托伐他汀是否可以通過對(duì) MMPs / TIMPs 系統(tǒng)的作用來預(yù)防激素性骨壞死,為臨床應(yīng)用阿托伐他汀預(yù)防激素性骨壞死提供新的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
一、實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
3 個(gè)月齡的健康 SD 大鼠 30 只,雌雄各半,體重 250~300 g,由西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供。
二、主要儀器與試劑
ABI 7000 型 Real-time PCR 儀為美國 ABI 公司產(chǎn)品;醋酸潑尼松龍由湖北制藥有限公司提供;阿托伐他汀由輝瑞制藥有限公司提供;骨組織 RNA 提取試劑 Trizol 為美國 Invitrogen 公司產(chǎn)品;逆轉(zhuǎn)錄-多聚酶鏈反應(yīng)試劑盒為立陶宛 Fermentas 公司產(chǎn)品;引物由大連寶生物工程有限公司合成。
三、動(dòng)物造模、分組及藥物處理
30 只大鼠采用數(shù)字隨機(jī)法,分為激素組、阿托伐他汀組和對(duì)照組 3 個(gè)組,每組 10 只。激素組和阿托伐他汀組給予 12.5 mg / kg 醋酸潑尼松龍肌注,每周 2 次;阿托伐他汀組同時(shí)給予阿托伐他汀1 mg / kg 灌胃 ( 按每千克體重最大用量給藥,每天最大用量是 60 mg,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物給藥量為 60 mg / 60 kg 體重 ),每日 1 次;對(duì)照組給予相同體積的生理鹽水,每周 2 次。
四、組織學(xué)檢查
用藥后 4 周處死動(dòng)物,取左側(cè)股骨頭,10% ( 體積分?jǐn)?shù) ) 甲醛溶液固定,乙二胺四乙酸 ( EDTA ) 脫鈣,梯度酒精脫水,石蠟包埋,切成 5 μm 厚切片,HE 染色,顯微鏡下觀察,鑒定股骨頭壞死情況。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照 2006 年我國制定的股骨頭壞死診斷和治療的專家建議:活檢顯示骨小梁的骨細(xì)胞空陷窩多于 50%,且累及鄰近多處骨小梁有骨髓壞死。
五、RT-PCR 檢測(cè)
Real-time PCR 儀檢測(cè)大鼠骨組織中 MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1 和 TIMP-2 mRNA 的表達(dá)水平。
1. 骨標(biāo)本總 RNA 的提?。禾幩来笫?,快速取出右側(cè)股骨大轉(zhuǎn)子,剔除軟骨后置于盛有 1 ml Trizol 的研磨器中仔細(xì)研碎并孵育 5 min,三氯甲烷沉淀,離心 ( 1500 r / min,離心半徑 5 cm,20 min )后取上清液。用等體積的異丙醇沉淀 RNA 后離心( 1500 r / min,離心半徑 5 cm,20 min ) 去上清液,750 ml / L 乙醇洗滌,風(fēng)干后用焦碳酸二乙酯處理水溶解,經(jīng)過電泳證實(shí)提取總 RNA 完整性,保證 RNA總量能夠滿足下一步實(shí)驗(yàn)。
2. cDNA 第一鏈的合成:取總 RNA 500 ng,加隨機(jī)引物 1 μl,焦碳酸二乙酯處理水補(bǔ)至 12 μl,依照逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)試劑盒說明書合成 cDNA 第一鏈,保存于 -70 ℃ 冰箱。
3. RT-PCR 檢測(cè):根據(jù)目的基因在 GenBank中的已知序列,采用 Premier 5.0 軟件設(shè)計(jì)引物( 表 1 )。選 25 μl 反應(yīng)體系,參照 Real-time PCR 儀說明書,三步法進(jìn)行 PCR 反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃35 s,1 個(gè)循環(huán)預(yù)變性;95 ℃ 5 s 變性,58 ℃ 20 s退火, 72 ℃ 35 s 延伸,45 個(gè)循環(huán)。通過 ABI prism 7000 SDS 軟件對(duì)各組目的基因作相對(duì)定量。
六、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
所有實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均采用 SPSS 13.0 軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。計(jì)量資料均數(shù)用 x-±s 表示,多組間均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用 LSD-t 檢驗(yàn),P<0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
一、各組大鼠股骨頭骨組織鏡下所見
4 周時(shí),激素組與阿托伐他汀組各有 1 只動(dòng)物死亡。死亡原因主要是飲食量逐漸減少,體重下降,全身逐漸衰竭。對(duì)照組股骨頭骨組織切片 HE染色可見骨小梁由板層骨構(gòu)成,絕大多數(shù)小梁骨陷窩內(nèi)可見骨細(xì)胞,小梁間為血管和骨髓。激素組表現(xiàn)為骨小梁稀疏和大量不連續(xù)的骨碎片及骨髓壞死,碎片骨陷窩內(nèi)骨細(xì)胞大部分消失,周圍有大量炎性肉芽組織,阿托伐他汀組介于兩者之間,輕度炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,骨小梁略纖細(xì),多數(shù)小梁骨陷窩內(nèi)可見骨細(xì)胞,小梁間為血管和骨髓 ( 圖 1 )。
表1 實(shí)時(shí)定量 PCR 的引物序列Tab.1 Primer sequences of real time quantitative PCR
圖1 3組大鼠股骨頭骨組織 a:激素組 :骨小梁稀疏和大量不連續(xù)的骨碎片及骨髓壞死,碎片骨陷窩內(nèi)骨細(xì)胞大部分消失,周圍有大量炎性肉芽組織 ( HE ×40 );b:阿托伐他汀組:輕度炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,骨小梁略纖細(xì),多數(shù)小梁骨陷窩內(nèi)可見骨細(xì)胞,小梁間為血管和骨髓 ( HE ×20 );c:對(duì)照組:骨小梁由板層骨構(gòu)成,絕大多數(shù)小梁骨陷窩內(nèi)可見骨細(xì)胞,小梁間為血管和骨髓 ( HE ×20 )Fig.1 Bone tissues of the femoral head of the rats in 3 groups a: Hormone groups: The thinning bone trabecular and a large number of discontinuous bone fragments and bone marrow necrosis, bone cells most disappear in lacunae within bone fragments, surrounded by a large number of infammatory granulation tissue ( HE ×40 ); b: Atorvastatin group: Mild infammatory cells infltration, trabecular bone slightly thin, bone cells can be seen in the pit of majority trabecular bone, the blood vessels and bone marrow can be seen between trabecular ( HE ×20 ); c: Control group: the trabecular bone is composed of lamellar bone, bone cells can be seen in the pit of vast majority of trabecular bone, the blood vessels and bone marrow can be seen between trabecular ( HE ×20 )
二、MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA 表達(dá)結(jié)果
圖2 MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA 表達(dá)Fig.2 The mRNA expressions of MMP-2,MMP-9,TIMP-1 and TIMP-2
表2 各組大鼠-股骨頭骨組織 MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA 表達(dá) ( x±s )Tab.2 The mRNA expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 -and TIMP-2 in bone tissues of the femoral head of the rats in 3 groups ( x±s )
3 組目的基因 RT-PCR 擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物行瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,根據(jù)片段大小,在相應(yīng)位置出現(xiàn)目的條帶( 圖 2 )。經(jīng) RT-PCR 檢測(cè)出各組目的基因的表達(dá)水平( 表 2 ),結(jié)果顯示:激素組與對(duì)照組比較,MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA 表達(dá)水平增高,TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA 的表達(dá)水平降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 );阿托伐他汀組與對(duì)照組比較,除 MMP-9 差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義外,其余差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;阿托伐他汀組與激素組比較,MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA 表達(dá)降低,TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA 表達(dá)增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 )。
1991 年,Maruno 等[14]首次報(bào)道降脂藥物克利貝特對(duì)激素性兔股骨頭壞死的干預(yù)作用。
Cui 等[15]研究表明與單獨(dú)應(yīng)用激素組雞股骨頭內(nèi)軟骨下骨細(xì)胞壞死及其脂肪組織增生相比,洛伐他汀與激素共用組內(nèi)股骨頭脂肪細(xì)胞增生程度輕微,并無明顯骨壞死發(fā)生。Pritchett 等[16]對(duì) 284 例應(yīng)用大劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素同時(shí)服用他汀類降脂藥的患者進(jìn)行長期隨訪后發(fā)現(xiàn),最終只有 3 例 ( 1% ) 發(fā)生骨壞死,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于同期文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道單獨(dú)應(yīng)用激素的骨壞死率 ( 3%~20% ) 。Laufs 等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)他汀類藥物的干預(yù)后,由于血管閉塞而導(dǎo)致的梗死灶明顯減少,提示他汀類藥物可能具有促進(jìn)缺血組織側(cè)支循環(huán)建立的作用。臨床研究資料顯示他汀類藥物具有獨(dú)特的抗炎作用[18-19],其抗炎作用機(jī)制包括減弱炎癥細(xì)胞的趨化和聚集、抑制巨噬細(xì)胞可溶性細(xì)胞間黏附分子及金屬蛋白酶的表達(dá)等,減少白細(xì)胞介素-1 和白細(xì)胞介素-6、單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1、細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1、血管細(xì)胞黏附分子-1、細(xì)胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9、腫瘤壞死因子 α 等炎癥因子的表達(dá)。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),辛伐他汀主要通過減輕激素所致的脂肪代謝紊亂來預(yù)防股骨頭壞死[20-21]。激素加辛伐他汀組和單用辛伐他汀組血清膽固醇及三酰甘油水平均顯著低于單用激素組,且這 2 組中髓內(nèi)脂肪堆積明顯減少,血管通暢。辛伐他汀還能通過其它作用機(jī)制預(yù)防激素性股骨頭壞死。它可使血清骨鈣素水平明顯升高,而反映破骨細(xì)胞活性的血漿抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶水平顯著降低,提示辛伐他汀能阻止糖皮質(zhì)激素引起骨吸收和促進(jìn)骨形成,抑制激素所產(chǎn)生的骨代謝紊亂[20]。辛伐他汀還可對(duì)抗激素對(duì)NO 合成的抑制作用, 維持正常血清 NO 水平[21]。而 NO 能松弛血管平滑肌、使血管舒張、抑制血小板凝集、改善組織灌注,對(duì)股骨頭血液供應(yīng)起保護(hù)作用。核心結(jié)合因子 a1 ( core binding factor alphal 1,Cbfa1 ) 能調(diào)控骨分化相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),促進(jìn)骨組織形成。梁紅鎖等[22]通過建立激素性股骨頭壞死的動(dòng)物模型,應(yīng)用普伐他汀進(jìn)行干預(yù),發(fā)現(xiàn)激素性壞死股骨頭內(nèi) Cbfa1 mRNA 的表達(dá)增加。Weinstein 等[23]對(duì)激素所致的股骨頭壞死手術(shù)切除股骨頭,標(biāo)本用TUNEL 技術(shù)進(jìn)行細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)有大量的骨細(xì)胞凋亡,認(rèn)為激素引起的股骨頭壞死實(shí)際上是骨細(xì)胞凋亡。發(fā)現(xiàn)他汀類藥物普拉固能有效干預(yù)激素性股骨頭壞死中骨細(xì)胞凋亡[24]。
在前期研究中,我們已經(jīng)通過動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),糖皮質(zhì)激素醋酸潑尼松龍可以促進(jìn)大鼠 MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA 的表達(dá),抑制 TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA的表達(dá),認(rèn)為長期應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素導(dǎo)致的骨壞死可能與其對(duì) MMPs / TIMPs 系統(tǒng)的影響有關(guān)[25-26]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,我們通過對(duì)長期應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素的大鼠,預(yù)防性地給予阿托伐他汀干預(yù),觀察到阿托伐他汀可以拮抗糖皮質(zhì)激素的這種作用。提示阿托伐他汀可以通過對(duì) MMPs / TIMPs 系統(tǒng)的“正性”干預(yù)作用,來拮抗糖皮質(zhì)激素的“負(fù)性”作用,有效預(yù)防激素性股骨頭壞死,為臨床應(yīng)用阿托伐他汀預(yù)防激素性骨壞死提供了實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。在下一步研究中,我們將通過臨床試驗(yàn),進(jìn)一步證實(shí)阿托伐他汀能通過 MMPs / TIMPs 系統(tǒng)有效防止激素性骨壞死,為早期防治激素性骨壞死提供一條可能途徑。
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
Effects of atorvastatin on the expression levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases timps / matrix metalloproteinases in bone tissues of femoral head necrosis induced by glucocorticoid
WANG Jian-zhong, WU Yong-gang, DONG Hui-zhen. Department of Orthopedics, the second Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical College, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010030, PRC
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of atorvastatin on the mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 ( MMP-2 ), matrix metalloproteinase-9 ( MMP-9 ), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 ( TIMP-1 ) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 ( TIMP-2 ) in bone tissues of the rats receiving glucocorticoid for a long time, and to discuss the effects and mechanism of atorvastatin in preventing glucocorticoidinduced femoral head necrosis ( FHN ).MethodsA total of 30 healthy adult Sprague-Dawley ( SD ) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, including glucocorticoid group, atorvastatin group and control group with 10 ratsin each group. The rats in the glucocorticoid group and atorvastatin group were treated by intramuscular injection of 12.5 mg / kg prednisolone twice a week. The rats in the atorvastatin group were treated by intragastric administration with 1 mg / kg atorvastatin once a week. The maximum dose was 60 mg each day for experimental animals whose maximum weight was 60 kg. The rats in the control group were treated only by intramuscular injection of the same volume sodium chloride. After 4 weeks’ intervention, the paraffn-embedded osteonecrosis of the left femoral head was detected by HE stain, to identify osteoporosis and FHN. The total Ribonucleic Acid ( RNA ) of the right femoral head was extracted and the mRNA expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNAs were examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR ).ResultsThere was 1 death case in the glucocorticoid group and atorvastatin group respectively. The HE staining of bone tissue slices of the femoral head in the control group showed the bone trabecula was composed of lamellar bone and there were osteocytes in most of the lacunas of the trabecular bone and blood vessels and marrows between bone trabeculae. In the glucocorticoid group, the bony trabecula was sparse and there were a great number of discontinuous bone fragments and marrow necroses. Most of the osteocytes in the lacunas of bone fragments disappeared, with a lot of infammatory granulation tissues around. In the atorvastatin group, there was mild infammatory cell infltration and thin bone trabecula. Osteocytes could be seen in most of the lacunas of the trabecular bone, and blood vessels and marrows between bone trabeculae. The expressions of MMP-2 in the glucocorticoid group, atorvastatin group and control group were 0.15±0.04, 0.10±0.09 and 0.09±0.03. The expressions of MMP-9 in 3 groups were 0.13±0.03, 0.11±0.05 and 0.08±0.02. The expressions of TIMP-1 in 3 groups were 0.07±0.02, 0.15±0.05 and 0.18±0.04. The expressions of TIMP-2 in 3 groups were 0.45±0.15, 0.73±0.08 and 0.69±0.19. The mRNA expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the glucocorticoid group were higher than that in the control group, and while the mRNA expressions of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were lower. The differences between them were statistically signifcant ( P<0.05 ). As to the comparison between the atorvastatin group and the control group, statistically signifcant differences existed only in the expressions of MMP-9. The mRNA expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the atorvastatin group were lower than that in the control group, and while the mRNA expressions of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were higher. The differences between them were statistically signifcant ( P<0.05 ).ConclusionsThe mRNA expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 can be up-regulated and the expressions of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 can be down-regulated by prednisolone, so as to improve the ratio between MMPs and TIMPs. The glucocorticoid control of MMPs / TIMPs can be antagonized by atorvastatin.
Glucocorticoids; Osteonecrosis; Receptors, cytokine; Drug evaluation
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.11.015
R684.3
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目 ( No. 81160228 );國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目 ( No. 81260284 )作者單位:010030 呼和浩特,內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科 ( 王建忠、董慧珍 );015000 內(nèi)蒙古巴彥淖爾市醫(yī)院骨外科 ( 武永剛 )
武永剛,Email: wuyonggang888@126.com
2014-03-14 )