曲蕾 關(guān)慧劼
[摘要]在理解了單詞、句子的基礎(chǔ)上,對句子之間關(guān)系的把握成為影響學(xué)生聽力理解水平的一個重要因素。分析句子之間的聯(lián)系和語篇的發(fā)展,可以更清晰地了解短文的邏輯,有助于提高學(xué)生的英語短文聽力理解水平。
[關(guān)鍵詞]語篇 主位 述位 聽力理解
多年來,我國英語短文聽力的教學(xué)大多數(shù)是停留在單詞和單個句子的理解層面上。教師在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進行聽力訓(xùn)練時,往往將短文中的一句話反復(fù)播放,講解其中的關(guān)鍵單詞,力求讓學(xué)生聽懂整句話。然而,這種方法僅局限于對句子本身的理解,未能從語篇層面去分析句子之間的聯(lián)系,學(xué)生往往能夠聽懂單個播放的單詞、句子,卻很難跟上整個短文的節(jié)奏或把握其意思,經(jīng)過大量機械的聽力訓(xùn)練仍收效甚微后,學(xué)生容易失去信心,產(chǎn)生失望、緊張等負面情緒。除了對詞、句的識別和理解外,能否把握句子之間的聯(lián)系也是影響學(xué)生聽力學(xué)習(xí)效果的一個重要因素。主述位理論在一定程度上提供了一個新的視角,幫助我們分析句子之間的聯(lián)系和語篇的發(fā)展,從而能更清晰地了解聽力短文的邏輯,對學(xué)生英語短文聽力水平的提高有很大幫助。
一、主位與主位推進模式
主位概念由布拉格學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人之一Mathesius提出,認為位于句首的成分在交際過程中起了一個起點的作用,該起點稱為主位(theme),其余部分為述位(rheme)。韓禮德將主位分為單項主位(simple theme)和復(fù)項主位(multiple theme),從語言功能的角度出發(fā),又將其分為語篇主位(textual theme)、人際主位(interpersonal theme)和概念/話題主位(ideational / topical theme)。在英語中,每個句子都有自己的主位結(jié)構(gòu),當句子單獨存在時,它的主位和述位是已確定的,不再變化的。正因為沒有上下文,它的主位和述位又是孤立的,沒有發(fā)展的。但是,絕大多數(shù)語篇都是由兩個或兩個以上的句子構(gòu)成,這時,前后句子的主位和主位,述位和述位,主位和述位之間就會發(fā)生某種聯(lián)系和變化,這種聯(lián)系和變化就叫推進(progression)。隨著各句主位的向前推進,整個語篇逐步展開,直至形成一個能表達某一完整意義的整體。
二、主位分析與聽力語篇理解
在語篇中,主位是說話人講話時心目中確定的起點,因此被稱為心理主語,可以被看作是說話人思維的起點。而同時聽者對說話人語篇的起點也存在期待。這種期待可能與說話人的思維起點相符,也可能不符。當這個起點與聽者的期待相吻合時,二者產(chǎn)生共鳴,聽者會感到這個語篇易于理解,反之則增加了語篇理解的難度。
主位—述位推進也是說話人思維推演的過程。正常人的思維是靠就近聯(lián)想而推演的,不相干的概念一般不太可能出現(xiàn)在同一思維過程中。主位是聯(lián)想的起點,由之觸發(fā)的聯(lián)想就是述位。同樣地,當說話人的主位—述位推進與聽者預(yù)想的推進產(chǎn)生偏差時,聽者會感到理解上的困難。
因此對聽力語篇的主位進行分析有助于增強學(xué)生對語篇的理解,提高其英語聽力學(xué)習(xí)的效率,并能在一定程度上減少“似乎每個詞、每句話都聽得出,卻把握不住句子、甚至語篇意思”的現(xiàn)象。M. Berry認為,主位分析可以給聽眾和讀者提供在語篇理解方面非常有價值的洞察力。Charles C. Fries認為,主位分析可以給聽眾和讀者提供一個語篇框架,這可以看做是主位的主要功能。
三、對四級聽力短文的分析
下面本文將對大學(xué)英語四級考試聽力部分的兩篇短文進行主位分析。例文1,2012年6月大學(xué)英語四級考試A卷聽力短文2:
It (T1) was a bad night for Lewis. His research in the neighboring town (T2) has taken longer than he expected. It (T3) was late and he (T4) was very tied when he drove home. He (T5) turned into his buildings parking lot, but all the spaces (T6) were full. He (T7) drove back out onto the street, looking for a parking space. The first block (T8) was full. The next block (T9) was almost empty. Lewis (T10) didnt see a “no parking” sign, but he (T11) has expected that his parking were allowed there. Most of the spaces (T12) would be filled. Then he (T13) saw a small parking lot with two free spaces. He (T14) was so glad to see them that he didnt even think to read the sign by the entrance. He (T15) drove in, parked and hurried home to go to bed. The next morning he (T16) went back to the lot to get his car. It (T17) was gone. He (T18) ran home and telephoned the city police to say that his car had been stolen. It (T19) took the police only a minute to tell him what had happened: his car had been on a private lot. It (T20) had been taken away by the police. Lewis (T21) had to take a taxi to visit the city garage far from the city center. He (T22) had to pay a fee of 40 dollars to get his car back. In addition, he (T23) got a parking ticket, his first one ever in Greenville.
全文23個主位中,有13個主位是he/Lewis,即短文的主人公,也是動作的主要發(fā)出者,可以看出,主位同一型推進,即平行型推進模式在本語篇中占較大比例。其余的10個主位中,T2(his research)、T6(but all the spaces)、T8(the first block)、T12(most of the spaces)、T17(it)、T20(it)為線性主位推進的結(jié)果,屬延續(xù)性主位推進模式,小句的主位為上句述位或述位的一部分。這種平行型和延續(xù)性推進模式較為符合聽者對語篇推進的期待,因此聽者會感到語篇易于理解。此外,T6(but all the spaces)、T11(but he)、T13(then he)、T16(the next morning he)、T23(in addition he)為復(fù)項主位,多采用語篇主位+概念主位的形式,其中的語篇主位為聽者提供了很好的提示,便于聽者理解。
例文2,2005年12月大學(xué)英語四級考試A卷聽力短文1:
While Gail Obcamp, an American artist was giving a speech on the art of Japanese brush painting to an audience that included visitors from Japan, she (T1) was confused to see that many of her Japanese listeners have their eyes closed. Were they (T2) turned off because an American had the nerve to instruct Japanese in their own art form or they deliberately tried to signal their rejection of her? Obcamp (T3) later found out that her listeners were not being disrespectful. Japanese listeners (T4) sometimes closed their eyes to enhance concentration. Her listeners (T5) were showing their respect for her by chewing on her words. Some day you (T6) may be either a speaker or a listener in a situation involving people from other countries or members of minority group in North America. Learning how different cultures signal respect (T7) can help you avoid misunderstandings. Here (T8) are some examples. In the deaf culture of North America (T9), many listeners show applause not by clapping their hands but by waving them in the air. In some cultures (T10), both overseas and in some minority groups in North America, listeners are considered disrespectful if they look directly at the speaker. Respect (T11) is shown by looking in the general direction but avoiding direct eye contact. In some countries (T12), whistling by listeners is a sign of approval while in other countries it is a form of insult.
該語篇中,除了延續(xù)型主位推進,如T2(were they),T4(Japanesse listeners),平行型主位推進,如T3(Obcamp),T5(her listeners)外,還出現(xiàn)了派生型主位推進,如Here (T8) are some examples. In the deaf culture of North America (T9), …… In some cultures (T10), ……。此外,有的主位并不是從上一個小句直接推演而來,間隔了一個或幾個小句,如T3(Obcamp),甚至出現(xiàn)了跳躍型主位推進模式,即該小句與相鄰小句之間缺少應(yīng)有的邏輯或語義關(guān)系,如T6(someday you)。這使得該語篇與以平行型和延續(xù)型主位推進模式為主的例文1相比,難度有了增加。在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進行這類短文的聽力練習(xí)時,應(yīng)向?qū)W生講解其推進模式,提醒學(xué)生留意思維的推演和跳躍,向?qū)W生說明這種跳躍發(fā)生的原因,并結(jié)合學(xué)生自身的思維過程,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生接受短文的推進模式,這樣可以降低聽力短文的難度,提高學(xué)生對與自己不同的思維過程的接納程度,提高學(xué)生的英語短文聽力效率。
四、結(jié)語
在英語短文聽力理解練習(xí)中,學(xué)生沒有機會反復(fù)咀嚼聽到的內(nèi)容,必須在聽到句子的同時迅速做出理解,并逐步把握短文的整體意思,因此僅僅理解單個句子是不夠的,必須把握短文中的各句話的關(guān)系,才能理解整個語篇。從語篇層面分析聽力短文句子之間的聯(lián)系,能夠在聽的同時做出合理的預(yù)測,并在預(yù)測內(nèi)容與所聽內(nèi)容不符時及時做出調(diào)整,從而把握整個語篇的意思。使用主述位理論對聽力語篇進行分析,能夠幫助學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)其聽力效率低下的癥結(jié)所在,避免盲目重復(fù),有助于增強其自信心,并進行有效訓(xùn)練來提高其聽力理解水平。
[參考文獻]
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[2]Halliday, M.A.K. Things and relations: regrammaticising experience as technical knowledge. In Martin, J. R. and Veel, R. Reading science: Critical and functional perspective on discourses of science [A]. London: Routledge, 1998:49-99.
[3]彭漪,柴同文. 功能語篇分析研究[M]. 北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社. 2010.
(作者單位:海軍航空工程學(xué)院)