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      維生素C提高體外培養(yǎng)的去分化脂肪細(xì)胞心肌分化效率*

      2015-03-30 12:20:31李福海李宗莊張陳勻貴州省心血管病研究所貴州省人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科病理科貴州貴陽55000
      中國病理生理雜志 2015年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:維生素C

      李福海,李宗莊,蔣 智,易 韋,張陳勻△(貴州省心血管病研究所,貴州省人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,病理科,貴州貴陽 55000)

      ?

      維生素C提高體外培養(yǎng)的去分化脂肪細(xì)胞心肌分化效率*

      李福海1,2,李宗莊1,2,蔣智1,2,易韋3,張陳勻1,2△
      (1貴州省心血管病研究所,貴州省人民醫(yī)院2心內(nèi)科,3病理科,貴州貴陽550002)

      [摘要]目的:采用維生素C處理體外培養(yǎng)的去分化脂肪(dedifferentiated fat,DFAT)細(xì)胞,以期進(jìn)一步提高DFAT細(xì)胞的心肌分化效率。方法:用天花板貼壁培養(yǎng)法使大鼠成熟脂肪細(xì)胞去分化為DFAT細(xì)胞,并體外培養(yǎng)增殖至第3代,然后在培養(yǎng)基中添加維生素C或(和)乳鼠心臟細(xì)胞裂解液誘導(dǎo)DFAT細(xì)胞心肌分化。3周后,用倒置相差顯微鏡觀察DFAT細(xì)胞的形態(tài)變化,用real-time PCR、免疫熒光和Western blot檢測DFAT細(xì)胞的心肌特異性標(biāo)志物cTnT、GATA-4及NKx2.5 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)。結(jié)果:大鼠脂肪細(xì)胞經(jīng)天花板貼壁培養(yǎng)后形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌衫w維細(xì)胞樣的DFAT細(xì)胞。DFAT細(xì)胞在普通培養(yǎng)條件下可自發(fā)表達(dá)少量心肌特異性標(biāo)志物。經(jīng)乳鼠心臟細(xì)胞裂解液誘導(dǎo)后,DFAT細(xì)胞體積增大、變長,可見肌管樣結(jié)構(gòu),cTnT、GATA-4及NKx2.5 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)水平較普通培養(yǎng)的DFAT細(xì)胞顯著升高。在維生素C的作用下,DFAT細(xì)胞cTnT、GATA-4及NKx2.5的表達(dá)水平進(jìn)一步升高。未觀察到自發(fā)性搏動(dòng)細(xì)胞。結(jié)論:維生素C可促進(jìn)DFAT細(xì)胞分化為心肌樣細(xì)胞。

      [關(guān)鍵詞]去分化脂肪細(xì)胞;維生素C;乳鼠心臟細(xì)胞裂解液;誘導(dǎo)分化

      [修回日期]2015-02-09

      Vitamin C enhanced myocardial differentiation of dedifferentiated fat cells

      LI Fu-hai1,2,LI Zong-zhuang1,2,JIANG Zhi1,2,YI Wei3,ZHANG Chen-yun1,2
      (1Guizhou Institute for Cardiovascular Disease,2Department of Cardiology,3Department of Pathology,Guizhou Province People's Hospital,Guiyang 550002,China.E-mail: cyzhang5828@163.com)

      [ABSTRACT]AIM: In order to observe the myocardial differentiation capacity of the dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells treated with vitamin C in vitro.METHODS: DFAT cells were dedifferentiated from the mature rat adipocytes with ceiling adherent culture.The DFAT cells of passage 3 were used in the study.Vitamin C and/or neonatal rat heart tissue lysate were added into the culture medium to induce myocardial differentiation for 3 weeks.The cell morphology was observed under microscope.The myocardial-specific markers,such as cTnT,GATA-4 and NKx2.5,were examined by the methods of immunofluorescence,PCR and Western blot.RESULTS: Mature rat adipocytes dedifferentiated into fibroblastlike DFAT cells after ceiling adherent culture.The DFAT cells spontaneously differentiated into cardiomyocyte-like cells under normal culture condition with a low incidence.After treated with neonatal rat heart cell lysate,the DFAT cells became cardiomyocyte-like cells that had bigger size,longer shape and myotubule-structure.The expression of cTnT,GATA-4 and NKx2.5 was remarkably increased at both mRNA and protein levels as compared with the normal cultured DFAT cells.The expression of cTnT,GATA-4 and NKx2.5 was further increased in DFAT cells after treating with vitamin C.No spontaneous beating cell was observed.CONCLUSION: Vitamin C enhances the differentiation of DFAT cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells.

      [KEY WORDS]Dedifferentiated fat cells; Vitamin C; Neonatal rat heart cell lysate; Induced differentiation

      急性心肌梗死已成為嚴(yán)重危害我國人民生命健康的重要疾?。?]。雖然藥物及介入治療有了長足進(jìn)展[2],但這些方法不能再生心肌以代償損失心肌的收縮力,限制了心功能的恢復(fù)。因此,心肌梗死患者最終難以避免的發(fā)展為充血性心力衰竭。干細(xì)胞可以分化為其它成熟細(xì)胞,如心肌細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞等[3-5]。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)干細(xì)胞移植到心臟梗死區(qū)可分化為心肌細(xì)胞以代償心肌收縮力,改善心梗后心功能[6-8],為心肌梗死的治療提供了新思路。胚胎干細(xì)胞、骨骼成肌細(xì)胞、誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞、間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞等種子細(xì)胞已經(jīng)有廣泛研究,但因來源有限、取材不便、免疫排斥、分化方向難以調(diào)控、心肌分化效率低、腫瘤形成等問題,使這些種子細(xì)胞難以廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,并且臨床療效不明確[9]。最近Matsumoto等[10]報(bào)道成熟脂肪細(xì)胞經(jīng)天花板培養(yǎng)去分化后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫哂卸嘞蚍只瘽撃艿娜シ只?dedifferentiated fat,DFAT)細(xì)胞。DFAT細(xì)胞具有取材方便、增殖能力強(qiáng)[11]、免疫原性低[10]、表型穩(wěn)定[10]等特點(diǎn),其在體外可分化為具有收縮功能的心肌細(xì)胞[12],是自體移植的理想種子細(xì)胞,可避免上述干細(xì)胞所面臨的重重困難。如何提高細(xì)胞的心肌分化效率是今后細(xì)胞臨床應(yīng)用的重要問題之一。Behfar等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞心肌分化能力越強(qiáng),移植治療心肌梗死小鼠的療效越好,維生素C可誘導(dǎo)胚胎干細(xì)胞[14]、誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞[15-16]、羊水干細(xì)胞[17]向心肌分化,但對DFAT細(xì)胞的作用尚無研究。通過本實(shí)驗(yàn),我們首次報(bào)道在乳鼠心臟細(xì)胞裂解液(neonatal rat heart cell lysate,NRHCL)體外模擬心肌微環(huán)境的誘導(dǎo)條件下,維生素C對細(xì)胞心肌分化效率的作用。

      材料和方法

      1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物

      4~6周齡的雄性Sprague Dawley (SD)大鼠及出生24 h內(nèi)的SD乳鼠,由貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,清潔級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

      2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法與步驟

      2.1成熟脂肪細(xì)胞的分離及去分化培養(yǎng)4~6周齡SD大鼠予腹腔注射10%水合氯醛溶液(3 mL/kg)誘導(dǎo)麻醉,在無菌條件下取出腹股溝處皮下脂肪組織,剪碎后加0.1% I型膠原酶(Sigma),在37℃恒溫水浴箱振蕩消化45 min,加含20%胎牛血清(HyClone)的高糖DMEM(HyClone)終止消化,細(xì)胞濾篩過濾,將濾液1 000 r/min離心5 min。收集懸浮于最上層的成熟脂肪細(xì)胞接種于25 cm2培養(yǎng)瓶,用完全培養(yǎng)基(含20%胎牛血清的高糖DMEM)充滿培養(yǎng)瓶,將培養(yǎng)瓶翻轉(zhuǎn)倒置于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中進(jìn)行天花板培養(yǎng)(37℃、5% CO2、飽和濕度)。用倒置顯微鏡下動(dòng)態(tài)觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化。7 d后可見脂肪細(xì)胞牢固貼于培養(yǎng)瓶底,翻正培養(yǎng)瓶,棄去培養(yǎng)液,每2天更換4 mL培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。當(dāng)細(xì)胞吐出脂滴由圓形變?yōu)殚L梭形說明脂肪細(xì)胞已去分化為DFAT細(xì)胞。當(dāng)生長融合達(dá)70%~80%時(shí),可傳代培養(yǎng),取第3~6代細(xì)胞進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

      2.2乳鼠心臟細(xì)胞裂解液的制備將出生24 h內(nèi)的SD乳鼠斷頸處死,迅速取出心臟,放入預(yù)先置于冰上的PBS液中去除心房、血管及結(jié)締組織,用PBS液清洗3次后,將心室肌充分剪碎,加入含0.1%胰酶和0.1%I型膠原酶的消化液,在37℃培養(yǎng)箱振蕩消化,吸管吹打、靜置后,吸取上層細(xì)胞懸液加入完全培養(yǎng)基中吹打混勻。如此重復(fù)消化5~6次直至組織塊消化完全。將收集的細(xì)胞懸液以1 000 r/min離心10 min,棄上清,用完全培養(yǎng)基重懸為2×109/L,于-70℃、4℃反復(fù)凍融3次獲得心臟細(xì)胞裂解液,最后以3 000 r/min離心10分鐘,用0.22 μm的濾器過濾后備用。

      2.3體外誘導(dǎo)DFAT細(xì)胞向心肌細(xì)胞方向分化3 ~6代DFAT細(xì)胞制成5×108/L單細(xì)胞懸液接種于6孔板,待48 h細(xì)胞完全貼壁后,將完全培養(yǎng)基分別換為NRHCL、含10-4mol/L維生素C(Sigma)的完全培養(yǎng)基或含10-4mol/L的維生素C的NRHCL誘導(dǎo)心肌分化,每天換液1次,用倒置相差顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)的變化并拍照。

      2.4誘導(dǎo)后DFAT細(xì)胞的免疫熒光檢測取上述誘導(dǎo)心肌分化3周后的DFAT細(xì)胞制成細(xì)胞爬片,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,0.5% Triton X-100透膜20 min,10%封閉血清封閉30 min,用1∶200小鼠抗大鼠心肌肌鈣蛋白T(cardiac troponin T,cTnT; Santa Cruz),4℃孵育過夜,PBS漂洗3次,用1∶100 FITC標(biāo)記羊抗小鼠IgG(博士德公司) 37℃避光孵育1 h,抗淬滅劑封片,用熒光顯微鏡觀察并采集圖像,每個(gè)爬片隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)高倍視野拍攝照片,計(jì)數(shù)視野內(nèi)cTnT陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)和總細(xì)胞數(shù),計(jì)算cTnT陽性細(xì)胞百分比。

      2.5 Real-time PCR檢測誘導(dǎo)后DFAT細(xì)胞心肌特異性標(biāo)記物NKx2.5、GATA-4和cTnT的mRNA表達(dá)

      采用RNA提取試劑盒(康為世紀(jì))提取誘導(dǎo)3周后上述4組細(xì)胞的總RNA,將mRNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,以cDNA為模板進(jìn)行real-time PCR,PCR條件為: 50℃2 min,95℃10 min;95℃15 s、60℃1 min行40個(gè)循環(huán)。ABI Step One Plus型熒光定量PCR儀采集待測基因及內(nèi)參照β-actin擴(kuò)增各循環(huán)熒光信號,以Applied Biosystems SDS 1.4軟件進(jìn)行熒光收集和資料分析。SDS 1.4軟件分析其ΔΔCt值及熒光相對值(relative quantity,RQ)值,RQ=2-ΔΔCt。分析實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果時(shí)以β-actin為內(nèi)參照,計(jì)算目的基因的相對表達(dá)水平。

      2.6誘導(dǎo)后DFAT細(xì)胞心肌特異性蛋白表達(dá)水平的Western blot檢測提取試劑盒(上海生工)提取誘導(dǎo)3周后的上述4組細(xì)胞的總蛋白,BCA法行蛋白定量后,上樣、SDS-PAGE分離蛋白,濕法轉(zhuǎn)膜轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白條帶至PVDF膜上,封閉液室溫封閉PVDF膜1 h,加I抗(1∶500)和II抗(1∶2 000)孵育后曝光、顯影、定影。用掃描儀掃描曝光膠片,用Bandscan軟件分析條帶像素灰度值。以β-actin蛋白條帶作為內(nèi)參照,計(jì)算各組待測目標(biāo)蛋白條帶與β-actin蛋白條帶總灰度的百分比值作為待測目標(biāo)蛋白表達(dá)的相對水平。

      3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

      以上各部分實(shí)驗(yàn)均重復(fù)4次,數(shù)據(jù)采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)行單因素方差分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      結(jié)果

      1成熟脂肪細(xì)胞去分化為DFAT細(xì)胞

      培養(yǎng)2 d后,成熟大鼠脂肪細(xì)胞內(nèi)含折光性高的單個(gè)圓形脂滴,漂浮于培養(yǎng)瓶頂壁,3~4 d后可見胞質(zhì)中的單個(gè)圓形脂滴分裂成多個(gè)小脂滴,胞質(zhì)向周圍伸展,細(xì)胞由圓形變成橢圓形,胞質(zhì)外可見細(xì)小的脂滴顆粒聚集,細(xì)胞突起延長,形成類似觸角樣結(jié)構(gòu)。脂滴繼續(xù)裂解變小,5~6 d后可見細(xì)胞逐漸脫去脂滴,形態(tài)變?yōu)椴缓位騼H含少量脂滴的長梭形,并可觀察到細(xì)胞分裂增殖。10 d后細(xì)胞已完全脫去脂滴,生長融合,去分化為成纖維樣的DFAT細(xì)胞。細(xì)胞增殖第3~6代后細(xì)胞形態(tài)無明顯變化,見圖1。

      Figure 1.The morphological transformation of the mature rat adipocytes to DFAT cells during ceiling adherent culture.圖1大鼠脂肪細(xì)胞經(jīng)天花板培養(yǎng)去分化為DFAT細(xì)胞的形態(tài)變化

      2 DFAT細(xì)胞經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)分化后的形態(tài)變化

      誘導(dǎo)1周后,細(xì)胞胞體伸展,呈長梭形,體積增大、形態(tài)變長。誘導(dǎo)2周后細(xì)胞生長旺盛,增殖明顯,細(xì)胞排列多趨于一致、平行生長,多數(shù)細(xì)胞伸出分支狀突起,并相互連接,呈聚集生長,上述現(xiàn)象在含維生素C的NRHCL組比單獨(dú)維生素C和NRHCL組更明顯。誘導(dǎo)3周后胞體更加飽滿,立體感增強(qiáng),細(xì)胞間相互連接增多形成細(xì)胞簇,可觀察到肌管樣結(jié)構(gòu),細(xì)胞形態(tài)近似于心肌,但均未觀察到有發(fā)跳動(dòng)的細(xì)胞,見圖2。

      3誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞的cTnT免疫熒光檢測

      細(xì)胞免疫熒光檢測顯示:誘導(dǎo)3周后,維生素C組、NRHCL組和含維生素C的NRHCL組均可觀察到心肌特異性標(biāo)志物cTnT陽性細(xì)胞;這些細(xì)胞輪廓清楚,cTnT定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì),經(jīng)FITC標(biāo)記后在熒光顯微鏡下顯示為綠色熒光。對照組僅見非特異性著色,見圖3。

      Figure 2.The morphological transformation of the DFAT cells after inducing myocardial differentiation(×300).圖2 DFAT細(xì)胞經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)分化后的形態(tài)變化

      Figure 3.The cTnT expression (green) in DFAT cells after 3weeks of inducing myocardial differentiation (×200).圖3誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞cTnT的表達(dá)

      4誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞中心肌特異性標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)

      4.1誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞中cTnT mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)水平與對照組相比,經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)處理3周后維生素C組和NRHCL組和含維生素C的NRHCL組細(xì)胞中cTnT mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平均升高(P<0.05),且含維生素C的NRHCL組細(xì)胞中cTnT mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平均高于維生素C組和NRHCL組(P<0.05)。NRHCL組cTnT mRNA表達(dá)水平高于維生素C組(P<0.05),但維生素C組、NRHCL組間cTnT蛋白表達(dá)水平的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見圖4。

      4.2誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞中GATA-4的mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)水平與對照組相比,維生素C組、NRHCL組和含維生素C的NRHCL組細(xì)胞中GATA-4 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平均升高(P<0.05),含維生素C的NRHCL組中GATA-4 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)水平均高于維生素C組和NRHCL組(P<0.05)。且NRHCL組GATA-4的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平均高于維生素C組(P<0.05),見圖5。

      Figure 4.The expression of cTnT in DFAT cells after 3 weeks of induced myocardial differentiation.Mean±SD.n=4.*P<0.05 vs control group;#P<0.05 vs vitamin C group;△P<0.05 vs NRHCL group.圖4誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞中cTnT mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)相對表達(dá)水平

      Figure 5.The expression of GATA-4 in the DFAT cells after 3 weeks of inducing myocardial differentiation.Mean±SD.n=4.*P<0.05 vs control group;#P<0.05 vs vitamin C group;△P<0.05 vs NRHCL group.圖5誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞中GATA-4的mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)相對表達(dá)水平

      4.3誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞中NKx2.5 mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)水平與對照組相比,維生素C組、NRHCL組和含維生素C的NRHCL組細(xì)胞中NKx2.5 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)水平均升高(P< 0.05),含維生素C的NRHCL組中NKx2.5 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)水平均高于維生素C組和NRHCL組(P<0.05)。維生素C組、NRHCL組間NKx2.5 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá)水平的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見圖6。

      Figure 6.The expression of NKx 2.5 in the DFAT cells after 3 weeks of inducing myocardial differentiation.Mean±SD.n=4.*P<0.05 vs control group;#P<0.05 vs vitamin C group;△P<0.05 vs NRHCL group.圖6誘導(dǎo)3周后DFAT細(xì)胞中NKx2.5的mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)相對表達(dá)水平

      討論

      我們分離并培養(yǎng)大鼠成熟脂肪細(xì)胞,用天花板貼壁培養(yǎng)法使其去分化為DFAT細(xì)胞,通過心臟細(xì)胞裂解液模擬心肌微環(huán)境DFAT細(xì)胞可再分化為心肌樣細(xì)胞,表達(dá)cTnT、GATA-4和NKx2.5心肌細(xì)胞特異標(biāo)志,并且維生素C可進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)DFAT細(xì)胞的心肌分化。

      DFAT細(xì)胞缺乏特異性標(biāo)志物,其鑒定基于培養(yǎng)初期脂肪細(xì)胞的形態(tài)學(xué)變化及后期心肌特異性標(biāo)志物的檢測[10,12,18]。我們參照Sugihara等[19]的天花板貼壁培養(yǎng)法,使圓形透亮的大鼠成熟脂肪細(xì)胞去分化為類似成纖維細(xì)胞形態(tài)的DFAT細(xì)胞,在維生素C或(和)心臟細(xì)胞裂解液作用下形態(tài)進(jìn)一步發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變,并表達(dá)心肌特異性標(biāo)志物。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果支持Matsumoto等[10]的研究,充分說明細(xì)胞不僅可以自我增殖,還具有心肌分化潛能。

      干細(xì)胞移植治療心肌梗死的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)均采用自體干細(xì)胞移植策略[20],其中骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞已經(jīng)被廣泛研究[21-22]。骨髓成分復(fù)雜,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞僅占所有骨髓細(xì)胞的0.01%[23],為獲取足量骨髓常需多點(diǎn)骨髓穿刺,創(chuàng)傷較大,且骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞增殖能力較弱,擴(kuò)增時(shí)間較長,體外心肌分化效率不高。相比之下,細(xì)胞具有的特殊優(yōu)勢一是來源豐富,100 mg的脂肪組織至少可獲得3×106個(gè)原代細(xì)胞[24],且脂肪組織經(jīng)微創(chuàng)抽脂技術(shù)反復(fù)取材,患者更容易接受;二是細(xì)胞純度高,原代細(xì)胞的純度高達(dá)99.9%[12],體外培養(yǎng)時(shí)即呈現(xiàn)較強(qiáng)的心肌分化能力[25]。三是對供者年齡要求較低,據(jù)報(bào)道4~81歲供者的成熟脂肪細(xì)胞均可在體外培養(yǎng)中去分化為細(xì)胞[24]。根據(jù)細(xì)胞上述優(yōu)勢,可預(yù)先在體外定向分化為心肌前體細(xì)胞或心肌細(xì)胞,再移植修復(fù)梗死心肌,可有效克服骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞存在的問題。

      干細(xì)胞的心肌分化由BMP、Wnt、Ras-Raf-MPAK、FGF等信號通路共同形成的復(fù)雜的三維多重生物網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)所調(diào)控[26]。乳鼠心臟細(xì)胞裂解液可以體外模擬心肌生長微環(huán)境[27-28],最大限度地重現(xiàn)了心肌定向分化生長的生物調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境,促使細(xì)胞心肌分化,但究竟是哪些成分有效目前尚無相關(guān)報(bào)道。心臟細(xì)胞裂解液的制備需反復(fù)凍融,我們推測可能是其中比較穩(wěn)定的小分子物質(zhì),如microRNA。但microRNA家族龐大,調(diào)控機(jī)制復(fù)雜,我們尚未進(jìn)行該方向的研究。

      除心臟細(xì)胞裂解液外,誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞心肌分化的方法還有用化學(xué)試劑、細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)、物理因素誘導(dǎo)、用基因工程技術(shù)干擾基因表達(dá)等。其中化學(xué)試劑如5-氮胞苷、DMSO等誘導(dǎo)效率低,且有細(xì)胞毒性,同樣對人體有害,限制了臨床應(yīng)用;而細(xì)胞因子常需多種細(xì)胞因子組合多個(gè)時(shí)點(diǎn)聯(lián)合誘導(dǎo)[29],且價(jià)格過于昂貴;物理因素誘導(dǎo)分化雖然效果確切,但設(shè)備技術(shù)要求高;基因工程技術(shù)存在潛在生物安全問題。維生素C是Takahashi等[14]從可應(yīng)用于人體且具有誘導(dǎo)胚胎干細(xì)胞分化為心肌細(xì)胞的880種分化誘導(dǎo)化合物中篩選而出,經(jīng)大量實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證實(shí)可誘導(dǎo)胚胎干細(xì)胞[14]、誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞[15-16]、羊水干細(xì)胞[17]分化為心肌樣細(xì)胞。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)首次證明了維生素C同樣可誘導(dǎo)DFAT細(xì)胞心肌分化,維生素C的應(yīng)用避免了化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性及基因工程技術(shù)潛在的生物安全隱患,同時(shí),具有更好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,其機(jī)制可能與維生素C激活MEK-ERK1/2信號有關(guān)[15]。

      我們體外誘導(dǎo)心肌分化的細(xì)胞可表達(dá)心肌特異性標(biāo)志物,但均未觀察到自發(fā)的收縮活動(dòng),我們稱這種轉(zhuǎn)分化的具有部分心肌細(xì)胞表型的細(xì)胞為心肌樣細(xì)胞,與Jumabay等[12]報(bào)道的有自發(fā)收縮的類心肌細(xì)胞不完全一致。我們推測心肌樣細(xì)胞的心肌分化程度較低,與細(xì)胞種屬來源、培養(yǎng)誘導(dǎo)分化條件等有關(guān)。

      我們在國內(nèi)率先分離培養(yǎng)出DFAT細(xì)胞,盡管分化程度不高,但首次證明了維生素C可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞心肌分化,并且在心臟細(xì)胞裂解液體外模擬心肌微環(huán)境的條件下,可進(jìn)一步提高細(xì)胞的心肌分化效率。細(xì)胞來源廣泛、細(xì)胞純度高、增殖能力強(qiáng)、體外心肌分化效率高,是心肌再生治療中理想的自體移植的種子細(xì)胞。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究為細(xì)胞的自體移植策略奠定理論和實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ),如何進(jìn)一步提高細(xì)胞的心肌分化效率和分化程度是今后細(xì)胞臨床應(yīng)用的重要研究方向。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

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      [6]Li CJ,Gao RL,Yang YJ,et al.Implantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells into ischemic myocardium enhances coronary capillaries and systolic function in miniswine[J].Chin Med Sci J,2008,23(4) :234-238.

      [7]Qi CM,Ma GS,Liu NF,et al.Transplantation of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells improves cardiac function in a swine myocardial infarction model[J].Chin Med J (Engl),2008,121(6) :544-550.

      [8]Li SR,Qi XY,Hu FL,et al.Mechanisms of improvement of left ventricle remodeling by trans-planting two kinds ofautologous bone marrow stem cells in pigs[J].Chin Med J (Engl),2008,121(23) :2403-2409.

      [9]de Jong R,Houtgraaf JH,Samiei S,et al.Intracoronary stem cell infusion after acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis and update on clinical trials[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2014,7(2) :156-167.

      [10]Matsumoto T,Kano K,Kondo D,et al.Mature adipocytederived dedifferentiated fat cells exhibit multilineage potential[J].J Cell Physiol,2008,215(1) :210-222.

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      [13]Behfar A,Yamada S,Crespo-Diaz R,et al.Guided cardiopoiesis enhances therapeutic benefit of bone marrow human mesenchymal stem cells in chronic myocardial infarction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56(9) :721-734.

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      [16]Kensah G,Roa LA,Dahlmann J,et al.Murine and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac bodies form contractile myocardial tissue in vitro[J].Eur Heart J,2013,34(15) :1134-1146.

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      [18]Jumabay M,Matsumoto T,Yokoyama S,et al.Dedifferentiated fat cells convert to cardiomyocyte phenotype and repair infarcted cardiac tissue in rats[J].J Mol Cell Cardiol,2009,47(5) :565-575.

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      [20]Cao F,Sun D,Li C,et al.Long-term myocardial functional improvement after autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: 4 years follow-up[J].Eur Heart J,2009,30(16) :1986-1994.

      [21]Herbots L,D’Hooge J,Eroglu E,et al.Improved regional function after autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell transfer in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized,double-blind strain rate imaging study[J].Eur Heart J,2009,30(6) :662-670.

      [22]陳運(yùn)賢,歐瑞明,鐘雪云,等.自體骨髓干細(xì)胞原位移植治療急性心肌梗死的臨床研究[J].中國病理生理雜志,2003,19(4) :452-454.

      [23]黃榕翀,錢菊英,葛均波.干細(xì)胞移植治療心肌梗死后心力衰竭[J].中國醫(yī)師進(jìn)修雜志,2006,29(10) :1-4.

      [24]Sakuma T,Matsumoto T,Kano K,et al.Mature,adipocyte derived,dedifferentiated fat cells can differentiate into smooth muscle-like cells and contribute to bladder tissue regeneration[J].J Urol,2009,182(1) :355-365.

      [25]Jumabay M,Matsumoto T,Yokoyama S,et al.Dedifferentiated fat cells convert to cardiomyocyte phenotype and repair infarcted cardiac tissue in rats[J].J Mol Cell Cardiol,2009,47(5) :565-575.

      [26]Verma V,Purnamawati K,Manasi,et al.Steering signal transduction pathway towards cardiac lineage from human pluripotent stem cells: a review[J].Cell Signal,2013,25(5) :1096-1107.

      [27]袁巖,陳連鳳,張抒揚(yáng),等.心肌細(xì)胞裂解液對骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向心肌細(xì)胞分化誘導(dǎo)作用的研究[J].中華心血管病雜志,2005,33(2) :170-173.

      [28]呂學(xué)祥,曾秋棠.心肌細(xì)胞裂解液誘導(dǎo)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向心肌細(xì)胞的分化作用[J].臨床心血管病雜志,2008,24 (3) :217-219.

      [29]Kattman SJ,Witty AD,Gagliardi M,et al.Stage-specific optimization of activin/nodal and BMP signaling promotes cardiac differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cell lines[J].Cell Stem Cell,2011,8(2) : 228-240.

      通訊作者△Tel: 0851-5612525; E-mail: cyzhang5828@163.com

      *[基金項(xiàng)目]貴州省科技廳科學(xué)技術(shù)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.黔科合J字[2014]2112) ;貴州省衛(wèi)生廳科學(xué)技術(shù)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.gzwkj2013-1-006)

      [收稿日期]2014-10-08

      [文章編號]1000-4718(2015)06-1130-07

      [中圖分類號]R329.2

      [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A

      doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2015.06.029

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