楊梟雄 宋科冉 唐家廣
?
脊髓損傷后自發(fā)性溢乳一例
楊梟雄 宋科冉 唐家廣
【關(guān)鍵詞】脊髓損傷;乳溢;自發(fā)性;病例報告
脊髓損傷常導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷平面以下感覺運動功能障礙,由于下行網(wǎng)狀脊髓自發(fā)通路的完全或不全損害,常導(dǎo)致不同表現(xiàn)形式的自主神經(jīng)反射性異常(autonomic dysreflexia,AD)。AD于1947年由 Guttmann 和 Whitteridge[1]提出,其通常表現(xiàn)為損傷平面或平面以下非正常的交感神經(jīng)性反應(yīng)[2],如異常排汗、體溫調(diào)節(jié)或心臟的自主神經(jīng)調(diào)控障礙。但是伴自發(fā)新乳溢者較為罕見。我院收治1例陳舊性完全性胸脊髓損傷女性患者,損傷后出現(xiàn)雙側(cè)乳房自發(fā)性乳溢,現(xiàn)將病例報道如下。
臨床資料
患者,女,29歲,因“T5暴力骨折術(shù)后雙下肢感覺運動功能障礙9個月”于2015年3月入我院進行康復(fù)?;颊哂?014年7月8日不慎從6米高處墜落,于外院診斷為T5椎體爆裂骨折伴截癱,2014年7月17日全麻下行胸椎后路椎管減壓骨折復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)后于當(dāng)?shù)乜祻?fù)醫(yī)院行康復(fù)治療,2015年3月就診于我院。??撇轶w:輪椅入科,感覺/運動平面T5,平面以下各關(guān)鍵肌肌力均為0級,雙下肢肌張力II 級,雙膝腱反射、跟腱反射(++),髕陣攣及踝陣攣(++),雙側(cè) Babinski 征、Chaddock 征均為(+),雙側(cè) Oppenheim 征、Gordon 征未引出,肛周感覺、肛門深壓覺(-),肛門括約肌未見自主收縮。既往體健,月經(jīng)及婚育史:13(3~5/28~31)天,G1P1。輔助檢查見圖1,診斷為胸脊髓完全損傷,ASIA(American spinal injury association)A級,T5水平。
圖1 患者術(shù)后 MRI a~c:分別表示胸椎 T2像、T1像以及軸位像,箭頭所指表示損傷脊髓節(jié)段Fig.1 Postoperative MRI of the patient a-c:T2-weighted,T1-weighted,and transverse section respectively.The arrow:the injured segment of the spinal cord
患者自傷后6個月出現(xiàn)雙側(cè)乳房自發(fā)性乳溢(圖2a),乳溢時伴隨損傷平面以下病理性神經(jīng)痛,即就診于西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,性激素檢查全套提示:垂體乳溢素100.70ng/ml(2014-12-25);乳腺B超檢查提示:左乳腺導(dǎo)管局限性擴張;期間口服溴隱亭治療1個月,復(fù)查性激素全套示:垂體泌乳素:1.63ng/ml(2015-01-21),停止口服溴隱亭,之后雙側(cè)自發(fā)性乳溢反復(fù)無規(guī)律發(fā)作,伴雙側(cè)病理性神經(jīng)痛,于我院復(fù)測垂體泌乳素水平,呈逐漸升高趨勢(圖2b),甲狀腺功能檢測正常,復(fù)查垂體MRI未見異常,患者自傷后月經(jīng)規(guī)律,經(jīng)量正常。該患者AD表現(xiàn)有損傷平面以上出汗增多,平面以下出汗減少。
圖2 a:患者乳溢癥狀;b:患者血泌乳素變化情況,紅色箭頭表示患者服用溴隱亭時間,綠色箭頭表示停止服藥時間Fig.2 a: Galactorrhea symptom; b: Variation of the blood prolactin level. Red arrow indicated the beginning time of the bromocriptine orally, and the blue one indicated the off time of the drug
乳溢是指產(chǎn)后6個月未哺乳女性乳房持續(xù)排出乳汁或乳汁樣分泌物[3],而AD是對肢體遠端有害刺激的異常的交感神經(jīng)反應(yīng),是脊髓損傷患者可能出現(xiàn)的一種臨床緊急狀況,特征性表現(xiàn)為動脈血壓快速升高和心動過緩,且該種反應(yīng)可隨著刺激水平變化發(fā)生可逆性變化[4-5]。目前對于AD的評價表現(xiàn)在血壓、心臟、排汗、呼吸、泌尿以及性功能方面,未涉及女性哺乳,而國內(nèi)外對于該種自主神經(jīng)反射性異常的報道也較少見。早在1989年,Berezin等[6]就報道了女性脊髓損傷患者的溢乳現(xiàn)象,Yarkony等[7]也于1992年報道了脊髓損傷乳溢,并將其稱為脊髓損傷的并發(fā)癥之一。乳房組織接受感覺及自主神經(jīng)支配,乳腺的自主神經(jīng)傳出纖維起源于上胸段(T1~5)交感神經(jīng)節(jié)前神經(jīng)元,初級感覺神經(jīng)纖維起自于第 3~6 肋間神經(jīng),此外,乳腺組織還受激素水平的調(diào)控,例如血管活性腸肽、促甲狀腺激素釋放激素、雌激素等均為催乳素釋放因子,乳腺產(chǎn)生乳汁,在乳汁生成 II 期,激素的調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)化為自分泌,是一種正反饋調(diào)節(jié)[8]。腺垂體反射性釋放催乳素的基本原理是由乳腺的感覺沖動通過脊髓傳導(dǎo)至中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),而且動物實驗證明脊髓內(nèi)不僅存在一條通路來傳導(dǎo)腺垂體釋放催乳素的感覺沖動[9]。脊髓損傷導(dǎo)致脊髓內(nèi)瘢痕及空洞的形成,破壞正常的脊髓信號傳導(dǎo)通路,且常常導(dǎo)致異常反射或感覺形成。Liu等[10]2013年報道1例脊髓半切綜合征的女性患者單側(cè)乳汁分泌減少,但是患者雙側(cè)乳房血液中催乳素水平是一致的,說明脊髓損傷后乳汁的異常產(chǎn)生主要是受交感神經(jīng)支配的,本例患者脊髓為完全性損傷,但是血中泌乳素水平與乳溢現(xiàn)象表現(xiàn)一致,因而該例患者乳溢可能主要與激素調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)。因此,對于脊髓損傷后乳汁的分泌及排出的調(diào)節(jié)可能與脊髓損傷自主神經(jīng)功能障礙相關(guān)。
目前,脊髓損傷后自主神經(jīng)功能評價是根據(jù)2009年的ISAFSCI(international standards of autonomic functions after SCI)[11],未對女性的泌乳及生理周期進行評價,尤其是婚育年齡的年輕女性,對于哺乳、月經(jīng)等生理性變化的評價就尤為重要。雖然該人群在脊髓損傷總數(shù)中僅占少部分,但是要全面認(rèn)識脊髓損傷AD就需要分析不同類型的異常自主神經(jīng)功能,或者對激素水平進行必要性監(jiān)測。
綜上所述,對于乳汁的分泌及釋放,可將其納入自主神經(jīng)功能評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中,進一步完善對脊髓損傷后自主神經(jīng)變化的監(jiān)測。
參 考 文 獻
[1]Guttmann L,Whitteridge D. Effects of bladder distension on autonomic mechanisms after spinal cord injuries.Brain,1947,70(Pt 4):361-404.
[2]Helkowski WM, Ditunno JF Jr,Boninger M. Autonomic dysrefexia:incidence in persons with neurologically complete and incomplete tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med,2003,26(3):244-247.
[3]Frantz AG,Wilson JD. Endocrine disorders of the breast//Wilson JD,F(xiàn)oster DW,eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia:Saunders. 1985: 402.
[4]Karlsson AK. Autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury:clinical presentation of symptoms and signs. Prog Brain Res,2006,152:1-8.
[5]Gao SA,Ambring A,Lambert G,et al. Autonomic control of the heart and renal vascular bed during autonomic dysrefexia in high spinal cord injury. Clin Auton Res,2002,12(6):457-464.
[6]Berezin M,Ohry A,Shemesh Y.Hyperprolactinemia,galactorrhea and amenorrhea in women with a spinal cord injury. Gynecol Endocrinol,1989,3(2):159-163.
[7]Yarkony GM, Novick AK,Roth EJ,et al. Galactorrhea:a complication of spinal cord injury. Arch Chys Med Rehabil,1992, 73(9):878-880.
[8]Lauwers J,Shinskie D. The science of lactation//Lauwers J,Shinskie D eds. Counseling the nursing mother:a lactation consultant's guide,3rd edn. Sudbury:Jones and Bartlett.2000:87-106.
[9]Grosvenor CE. Effect of prolactin upon milk secretion in the spinal cord-sectioned rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1966, 121(2):366-369.
[10] Liu N,Krassioukov AV. Postpartum hypogalactia in a woman with Brown-Séquard-plus syndrome:a case report. Spinal Cord, 2013,51(10):794-796.
[11] Alexander MS,Biering-Sorensen F,Bodner D,et al. International standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord,2009,47(1):36-43.
(本文編輯:王萌)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.06.016中圖分類號:R683.2
作者單位:100048 北京,解放軍總院第一附屬醫(yī)院骨科、北京市骨科植入醫(yī)療器械工程技術(shù)研究中心
通信作者:唐家廣,Email: tangjiaguang2013@163.com
收稿日期:(2015-12-09)
Spontaneous galactorrhea after spinal cord injury: 1 case report
YANG Xiao-xiong, SONG Ke-ran, TANG Jia-guang.
Department of Orthopedics, the frst Affliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, PRC
Corresponding author: TANG Jia-guang, Email: tangjiaguang2013@163.com
【Abstract】Objective To report a complete spinal cord injury female patient with spontaneous galactorrhea. Methods The relationship between the spontaneous galactorrhea and spinal cord injury was discussed by the analysis of galactorrhea, blood prolactin and MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)of the pituitary gland. Results Spontaneous galactorrhea occurred 6 months after the injury, and the prolactin level was 100.70 ng/ml immediately. It turned to 1.63 ng/ml with oral bromocriptine 1 month later, while it raised gradually without oral bromocriptine. Galactorrhea appeared repeatedly without rules. Conclusions Abnormal autonomic nervous reflex after the spinal cord injury manifests as abnormal sympathetic nerve reactions below the neurological level, but galactorrhea is not mentioned in the current assessment criteria. Breast tissues are regulated by autonomic innervation and hormone. As an important part of lactation refex pathway, signal transduction pathway damage always leads to abnormal sensation or refection,affecting the milk secretion to a certain extent.
【Key words】Spinal cord injury; Galactorrhea; Spontaneous; Case reports