耿計彪， 馬 強， 張 民*， 李成亮， 馬金昭， 郭延樂， 竇興霞

(1 土肥資源高效利用國家工程實驗室/國家緩控釋肥工程技術(shù)研究中心/山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學資源與環(huán)境學院， 山東泰安 271018；2 山東省德州市農(nóng)業(yè)科學研究院， 山東德州 253000； 3 國家化肥產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗中心(山東)， 山東臨沂 276001)

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包膜氯化鉀一次基施對棉花生長周期鉀素供應(yīng)、產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響

耿計彪1， 馬 強2， 張 民1*， 李成亮1， 馬金昭1， 郭延樂1， 竇興霞3

(1 土肥資源高效利用國家工程實驗室/國家緩控釋肥工程技術(shù)研究中心/山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學資源與環(huán)境學院， 山東泰安 271018；2 山東省德州市農(nóng)業(yè)科學研究院， 山東德州 253000； 3 國家化肥產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗中心(山東)， 山東臨沂 276001)

包膜氯化鉀； 棉花； 產(chǎn)量； 品質(zhì)； 鉀肥利用效率； 速效鉀

1　材料與方法

1.1試驗材料

試驗地點位于山東省泰安市山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學土肥資源高效利用國家工程實驗室和國家緩控釋肥工程技術(shù)研究中心中試基地進行。供試土壤類型為石灰淡色潮濕雛形土(Calcaric Ochri-aquic Cambosols)，土壤質(zhì)地為粉壤土，砂粒10.5%，粘粒15.4%，容重1.3 g/cm3，田間持水量為24%(重量法)，有機質(zhì)8.3 g/kg，全氮0.9 g/kg，硝態(tài)氮28.2 mg/kg，銨態(tài)氮10.5 mg/kg，有效磷42.04 mg/kg，速效鉀180.12 mg/kg。

供試品種為國欣棉3號，供試肥料包括大顆粒尿素(N 46%)、 過磷酸鈣(P2O512%)、 氯化鉀(K2O 60%)、 硫酸鉀(K2O 50%)?？蒯屸浄蕿閲揖徔蒯尫使こ碳夹g(shù)研究中心制備的包膜氯化鉀(CRK)，含K2O 54%，釋放期四個月。包膜氯化鉀25℃靜水釋放曲線，根據(jù)中華人民共和國化工行業(yè)標準《控釋肥料》“HG/T 4215-2011”[11]中有關(guān)控釋肥的測定方法測定，結(jié)果如圖1所示。

1.2試驗設(shè)計

2012年和2013年的試驗均設(shè)6個處理: (1)不施鉀肥(CK)； (2)一次性基施氯化鉀(KCl)； (3)氯化鉀基施40%，初花期追施60%(KClD)； (4)一次性基施硫酸鉀(KS)； (5)硫酸鉀基施40%，初花期追施60%(KSD)； (6)一次性基施包膜氯化鉀(CRK)，每個處理重復(fù)4次。除CK只施氮磷肥外，其他處理氮磷鉀肥施入量相同，分別為1000-830-1000(N-P2O5-K2O)mg/盆，其中尿素基施40%，初花期追施60%，磷肥一次性基施。兩年施肥量相同，并在播種之前，將稱好的土和肥料充分混勻后，裝入盆中，每盆盛土15 kg。

圖1　包膜氯化鉀在25℃靜水中釋放曲線Fig.1　Potassium accumulative release curves of coated KCl in water(25℃)

在每年的5月10日播種，播種數(shù)相同，待幼苗的真葉展開后定苗，每盆定植一株，整個生育期各盆的管理保持一致，并在7月16日打頂。兩年的土壤采樣時期和日期一致，分別為苗期(6月9日)、 蕾期(7月2日)、 初花期(7月22日)、 盛花期(8月7日)、 始絮期(9月17日)和收獲成熟期(11月9日)，樣品風干后及時測定土壤速效鉀含量。

1.3測定項目及方法

分別測量不同時期棉花的株高和莖粗。依吐絮情況，每年均采摘8次，全部稱重作為實收產(chǎn)量，取前7次所收棉鈴計算單鈴重。將采摘的棉花充分混勻，然后再軋取皮棉，計算衣分； 軋出的皮棉由農(nóng)業(yè)部棉花品質(zhì)監(jiān)督檢驗測試中心(河南)化驗測定品質(zhì)。

各時期土樣使用土鉆(Φ=2 cm)采集兩鉆，混勻風干磨細后供分析化驗用。土壤速效鉀含量用1 mol/L NH4OAc(pH=7)浸提，火焰光度法測定； 植株地上部生物量(地上部分和收集的落葉、 落花、 落鈴)，在105℃下殺青30 min，65℃烘干至恒重，記錄干物質(zhì)量。烘干的植株樣品磨碎后采用 H2SO4-H2O2消煮，火焰光度計法測定植株全鉀含量。

1.4數(shù)據(jù)處理

鉀肥表觀利用率(%)=(施鉀處理植株吸收鉀量-空白處理植株吸鉀量)/施鉀量×100

試驗數(shù)據(jù)分析處理和作圖采用Microsoft Excel 2007軟件，并用SAS 8.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行處理間差異顯著性分析(P<0.05)及ANOVA方差分析。

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1不同處理對棉花生長、 產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響

從苗期到盛花期棉花的株高、 莖粗逐漸升高，初花期以后棉花打頂，其后株高、 莖粗增加不再明顯。苗期和蕾期控釋氯化鉀處理株高、 莖粗與速效鉀肥處理差異不顯著； 初花期株高、 莖粗顯著高于基施硫酸鉀(KS)和基施氯化鉀(KCl)處理，在盛花期與其他施鉀處理株高差異不顯著，莖粗顯著大于KCl和KClD處理(表1)。

鉀肥的施用顯著地改善了棉花的纖維品質(zhì)(表3)。各處理間馬克隆值無顯著差異，纖維伸長率CRK最大，其他施鉀處理間差異不顯著； 2012年施鉀處理間棉花纖維整齊度指數(shù)無顯著差異，CRK處理纖維長度和斷裂比強度顯著高于KCl處理，其他處理間差異不顯著； 2013年CRK和KSD處理的纖維長度顯著高于其他處理，KS和KClD差異不顯著，但均高于KCl，CRK和KSD的整齊度指數(shù)顯著高于KS和KCl，CRK和KSD斷裂比強度顯著高于KS、 KClD和KCl處理。

表1　不同鉀肥處理棉花各生育期株高和莖粗(2013)

注(Note): KClD—KCl 40% basal+60% top dressing at first bloom stage; KS—K2SO4; KSD—K2SO440% basal+60% top dressing at first bloom stage; 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同年不同處理間在0.05水平上差異顯著Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).

表2　不同鉀肥處理的棉花產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成要素

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同年不同處理間在0.05水平上差異顯著Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).

2.2不同處理對棉花鉀肥利用效率的影響

較高的生物量是作物高產(chǎn)的前提，而生物量積累又以養(yǎng)分的吸收為基礎(chǔ)。鉀肥的施用顯著地提高了棉花的生物量和吸鉀量(表4)。兩年的生物量變化趨勢基本一致，一次基施控釋氯化鉀棉花的生物量和鉀積累量顯著高于一次基施普通鉀肥，也顯著高于追施氯化鉀，但與追施硫酸鉀處理差異不顯著。控釋鉀肥顯著提高了鉀肥利用效率，CRK較KCl兩年分別提高了41.9%和50.9%，較KS提高了27.3%和29.9%，較KClD提高了25.3%和21.1%，較KSD提高了12.3%和17.6%。

2.3不同鉀肥處理對棉花土壤速效鉀含量的影響

表3　不同鉀肥處理棉花的纖維品質(zhì)

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同年不同處理間在0.05水平上差異顯著Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).

表4　不同處理植株的鉀肥利用率及生物量

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同年不同處理間在0.05水平上差異顯著Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).

表5　不同處理土壤中速效鉀含量的變化

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示同年不同處理間在0.05水平上差異顯著Values followed by different letters in a column are significantly different among treatments in the same year (P<0.05).

3　討論

4　結(jié)論

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Effects of complete basal application of coated potassium chloride on yield, fiber quality and soil available potassium of cotton

GENG Ji-biao1, MA Qiang2, ZHANG Min1*, LI Cheng-liang1, MA Jin-zhao1, GUO Yan-le1, DOU Xing-xia3

(1NationalEngineeringLaboratoryforEfficientUtilizationofSoilandFertilizerResources/NationalEngineering&TechnologyResearchCenterforSlowandControlledReleaseFertilizers/CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,ShandongAgriculturalUniversity,Taian,Shandong271018,China； 2DezhouAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Dezhou,Shandong253000,China；3NationalCenterforQualitySupervisionandTestingofFertilizers,Linyi,Shandong276001,China)

【Objectives】 Potassium(K) plays an important role on cotton production and fiber quality, the objective of the study was to investigate the effects of basal application of controlled release potassium chloride (CRK) on the yield, fiber quality and K use efficiency of cotton, to provide a theoretical basis for reasonable application of K fertilizer in cotton. 【Methods】 Pot experiments were conducted consecutively in 2012 and 2013 using cotton cultivar of “Guoxin 3” as materials. Six K treatments with four replications were designed: 1) no K application (CK); 2) complete basal application of potassium chloride (KCl); 3) 40% basal and 60% top-dressing at first bloom stage of potassium chloride (KClD); 4) complete basal application of potassium sulphate (KS); 5) 40% basal and 60% top-dressing at first bloom stage of potassium sulphate (KSD); 6) complete basal application of controlled release KCl (CRK). The soil available K contents in seedling, budding, first bloom, full bloom, initial boll-opening and mature stages were analyzed, the K uptake, the plant height and diameter of stems were measured; and the quality and yield of cotton were investigated. 【Results】 The contents of soil available K in CRK treatment were significantly higher at first bloom stage, full bloom stage, initial boll-opening stage and mature stage than in the KCl and K2SO4treatments. The lint yield of CRK treatment was 23.6% higher than KCl, 15.6% higher than KS, 16.0% higher than KClD, but was not significantly higher than KSD. The lint percentage of CRK was significantly higher than KCl, but not significant than other treatments in boll weight and lint percentage. The fiber length, fiber elongation and strength of CRK were significantly higher than KCl and KS, but the micronaire and fiber uniformity were not. The K use efficiency of CRK was increased by 41.9%-50.9% than KCl, 27.3%-29.9% than KS and even 21.1%-25.2% than KClD. 【Conclusions】 The K releasing peak of controlled release potassium fertilizer in the experiment is 80-110 d, which is basically agreeable with the K uptake of cotton. Complete basal application of coated KCl could achieve increased cotton yield, improved fiber quality and enhanced K use efficiency, compared with common potassium fertilizer, no matter they are basal applied or basal plus top dressed. Therefore, potassium sulfate and potassium chloride could be replaced by controlled release potassium chloride fertilizer in cotton production.

coated potassium chloride; cotton; yield; fiber quality; potassium use efficiency; available K

2015-03-16接受日期: 2015-05-16

山東省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系棉花創(chuàng)新團隊 ( 魯農(nóng)科技字[2012]26 號) 項目(SDAIT-07-011-06)； “十二五”國家科技支撐計劃 (2011BAD11B01，2011BAD11B 02)； 國家“948”重點項目(2011-G30)資助。

耿計彪(1988—)， 男， 山東巨野人， 博士研究生， 主要從事新型肥料研制與應(yīng)用。 E-mail: gengjibiao@126.com

Tel: 05388241531，E-mail: minzhang-2002@163.com

S158.3； S562

A

1008-505X(2016)04-1064-07