吳靜
冠詞分為定冠詞和不定冠詞,是歷年高考的必考點,常出現(xiàn)在語篇型語法填空和短文改錯中,也是我們高考復習的一大重點。
[不定冠詞的用法]
1. 不定冠詞有a和an兩種形式。a用在以輔音音素開頭的名詞前,an用在以元音音素開頭的詞前。如:
In a university, a European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool. This is a usual thing.
An hour ago,an honest man accepted an unusual gift and went to finish an honorable task.
2. 不定冠詞a/an用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示泛指,泛指某一人或某一物。如:
The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.
3. 表示某種身份、職業(yè)、地位、國籍。如:
When the Ashleys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick.
4. 用在人名或時間名詞前表示不確定的某個人或某個時間;用在人名前還可表示與某人有類似性質(zhì)的人。如:
—Excuse me,is there a Mr. Tailor living in the neighborhood?There is a parcel for him.
—Sorry,but there is no such person here.
5. 不定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。如:
She didnt like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.
6. 表示單位時間內(nèi)的頻度,含有“每”的概念。如:
The medicine is to be taken three times a day.
7. 具有動作意義的名詞在與have,take,make等構(gòu)成短語表示一種短暫性的動作時,前面要加不定冠詞。如:
take a look 看一看
have a try 試一試
You had better go to the factory and have a look.
8. 不定冠詞常用在一些固定搭配中。如:
a waste of 浪費……
all of a sudden 突然地
as a rule 通常
9. 不定冠詞的用法口訣
泛指單數(shù)和首提,某個/每個/又一個;
物質(zhì)名詞具體化,相同還是抽象詞;
三餐四季有修飾,感嘆句中有名單。
注釋:
泛指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前和首次提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前;
表示又一個,某一個(a second,a certain ...);
具體化的物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前(a success,a surprise ...);
有修飾詞的三餐和四季前(a wonderful supper ...);
感嘆句中有單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(What a lovely girl!...) 。
10. 有些單詞以元音字母開頭,但讀音卻以輔音開頭,這些單詞前要用不定冠詞a;相反,有些以輔音字母開頭、讀音卻以元音開頭的單詞前要用不定冠詞an。如:a useful book,an hour,an honest child等。
例1 (2017·全國卷Ⅲ) But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting(rest). Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 model in New York.
解析 a??疾楣谠~。model是可數(shù)名詞,前面沒有限定詞,而此處泛指“一個”,故填a。
[定冠詞的用法]
1. 用在名詞前表示特指。如:
—Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?
—Yes,as you know,the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.
2. 用在世界上獨一無二的人或物、自然現(xiàn)象、發(fā)明物之前。如:
Do you know who invented the telephone?
3. 用在序數(shù)詞、比較級(兩者相比較,表示特指的時候)和最高級前。如:
Do you know which story is the more interesting of the two?
4. 用于集合名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和某些專有名詞前。如:
Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.endprint
5. 定冠詞the和形容詞、過去分詞連用,表示一類人或事物。如:
Many of the injured are still in danger.
6. 用在表示計量的名詞前如by the hour,by the dozen等,但若名詞為抽象名詞則不加冠詞如by weight,by height等。如:
—Its said John will be in a job paying over $ 60,000 a year.
—Right,he will also get paid by the week.
7. 定冠詞the用在表示姓氏的復數(shù)名詞前,表示全家人或夫妻倆。如:
The Whites settled down in Canada last year.
8. 用在方位名詞和西洋樂器名詞前。如:
the east 東部
play the piano 彈鋼琴
9. 定冠詞的用法口訣:
特指雙知上文提,獨一無二普遍專;
方位順序最高級,賽項樂器影劇院;
姓氏復數(shù)一家人,形容詞前可數(shù)單;
群島河山江湖海,沙漠海峽和海灣。
階級黨派國全名,組織團體與機關(guān)。
連續(xù)應用比較級,朝代年代按天算。
例2 (2017·全國卷Ⅲ) Around me in picture are the things which were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
解析 picture前加the或this??疾橄薅ㄔ~的用法。單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前應該有限定詞,根據(jù)句意可知在picture前加the或者this。
[零冠詞和冠詞使用情況對比]
1.“by+表示交通工具的名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,名詞前一般不加冠詞;但是如果該名詞前有定語,介詞就不能用by,名詞前也要用限定詞。如:
He went to Beijing by train.
I came here on my old bike.
2. and連接的兩個名詞指同一個人或事物時,后面一個名詞前不用任何冠詞;但如果分別指不同的人或事物,則兩個名詞前要分別加冠詞。如:
The teacher and writer has come to the meeting.
The teacher and the writer have come to the meeting.
3. 在表示季節(jié)、月份、日期、星期等的名詞前通常不用任何冠詞;但是如果該類名詞前有修飾語時,要用不定冠詞。如:
Spring is the best season of the year.
The spring of 2008 was a terrible spring.
4. school,hospital,church等詞表示建筑物的用途時,常不用任何冠詞;但是當這些詞表示場所時要加冠詞。如:
He is very ill and has to go to hospital.
I am going to the hospital to visit a sick friend.
5. 在以festival組成的節(jié)日前通常用定冠詞;但是如果是以day組成的節(jié)日,其前通常不加任何冠詞。如:
Every person in China enjoys themselves in the Spring Festival.
Christmas Day is approaching.
6. 語言類名詞前通常不用任何冠詞,但是如果該種語言與language連用時,則其前要用定冠詞。如:
He speaks Chinese fluently.
=He speaks the Chinese language fluently.
7. 形容詞的最高級表示與自身比較時,其前一般不用任何冠詞;但如果是在三者或多者之間比較,則the不能省略。如:
He feels happiest when hes working for others.
The best student in my class is the shortest boy with the shortest hair.
8. 表示獨一無二的職位、頭銜、稱呼的名詞作表語、同位語或補語時,其前一般不用任何冠詞,但是如果這樣的名詞在句中作主語,則前面須加the。如:
Mr. Smith is head of the company.
The head of the company is Mr. Smith.
9. 抽象名詞表示一般概念時,其前不用冠詞;但是如果表示具體的人或物,需要用不定冠詞。如:
Failure is the mother of success.
The sports meeting was a great success.
10. 物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時,其前不用任何冠詞;但如果表示特指或該物質(zhì)名詞表示具體事物,則其前用冠詞。如:
We dont have much rain here, but last night we had a heavy rain.
例3 I am not fond of music very much, but I do like music they are dancing to.
A. /;/ B. the;the
C. the;/ D. /;the
解析 D。句意:我不太喜歡音樂,但是我的確很喜歡他們伴舞的音樂。第一空后的music表示泛指,是不可數(shù)名詞,不需要加冠詞。第二空后的music后面有定語從句they are dancing to修飾,特指他們伴舞的音樂,故用定冠詞the修飾。endprint