貴州
請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤,每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。
Dalian, a attractive city by sea, is located in the east of China.It has population of about 6 million and covers an area of 12 574 square kilometers.As one of a most important cities for harbor, trade, industry and tour in China, Dalian is also a modern city opened to world.Together with Deng Wen, the chairman of the Students' Union in our school, I went to Dalian for the trip last summer.During our stay there, we met quite few foreigners, all of whom said that Dalian, with its beautiful scenery and friendly people, is well worth the visit.We really had wonderful time there.Why not go and take a trip there if it is convenient to you?
【答案與解析】
第一處:第一句,a → an。attractive為元音音素開頭的形容詞,位于其前的不定冠詞應(yīng)用an。
第二處:第一句,在sea前加the。by sea意為“乘船”,此處應(yīng)用by the sea,意為“在海邊”。
第三處:第二句,在population前加a。不可數(shù)名詞population抽象名詞具體化,表示有多少人口時,用have a population of來表達。
第四處:第三句,most前的a → the。當(dāng)most構(gòu)成最高級(通常有介詞短語或定語從句限定范圍)時,其前應(yīng)用定冠詞the。
第五處:第三句,在world前加the。world前常用the,表示特指意義。
第六處:第四句,去掉chairman前的the。表示職務(wù)的名詞作同位語時,其前通常不用冠詞。
第七處:第四句,trip前的the → a。go to ...for a trip為習(xí)慣搭配。
第八處:第五句,在few前加a。短語quite a few意為“相當(dāng)多”,其后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。
第九處:第五句,visit前的the → a。be worth a visit意為“值得一游,值得參觀”。
第十處:第六句,在wonderful前加a。have a good/wonderful time為習(xí)慣用法,time在此處是抽象名詞具體化的用法。
通過以上的冠詞專題訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生對于冠詞的考查有了一定的了解,那么在歷年高考題中,冠詞是如何考查的呢?筆者對冠詞高考高頻考點進行了梳理。
冠詞有不定冠詞a/an、定冠詞the和零冠詞(即不用冠詞)三種。通過研讀歷年高考試題,筆者將冠詞最常見的考點歸納如下:
不定冠詞a/an的基本用法是表示“一個/件……”,可指初次提及的某人或某物,也可泛指任何“一個”,表示同類事物中的一個(其中a用于第一個音素為輔音音素的單詞前,an用于第一個音素為元音音素的單詞前)。a/an還可表示“每一”的意思,用于表示時間、速度、價格等意義的名詞前;the的基本用法是用于表示特指的單數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前。
【典例1】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me.(2018年全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯)
【解析】the → a。此處指“當(dāng)我還是個孩子的時候”,表示泛指,應(yīng)用不定冠詞,且kid的讀音以輔音音素開頭,其前應(yīng)用a。故將the改為a。
【典例2】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ____ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.(2018年全國卷Ⅱ,語法填空,62)
【解析】the。此處特指“在過去的25年里”,應(yīng)用定冠詞the。故填the。
【典例3】It's not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary.Like many things in life, it's ____ ongoing process,...(2017年11月浙江卷,語法填空,56)
【解析】an。此處指“那是一個持續(xù)的過程”,表示泛指,應(yīng)填不定冠詞,且ongoing的讀音以元音音素開頭。故填an。
定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前,意為“第……”;不定冠詞a用于序數(shù)詞前,側(cè)重數(shù)量和序數(shù)的增加,意為“又一,再一”;某些含序數(shù)詞的習(xí)慣表達中,序數(shù)詞前用零冠詞,如atfirst,first of all,first aid,first and last (從各方面,完全地),first or last (遲早), second to none (最好的)等。
【典例1】At thefirst, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.(2016年全國卷Ⅲ,短文改錯)
【解析】去掉the。atfirst為固定短語,意為“起初,當(dāng)初”,序數(shù)詞前用零冠詞。
【典例2】In order tofind a better job, he decided to study ____second foreign language.
【解析】a。此處指“他決定再學(xué)一門外語”,表示“又一,再一”的含義。
【典例3】In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons.I still remember how hardfirst day was.(2017年全國卷Ⅰ, 短文改錯)
【解析】在first前加the或my。此處可指“第一天”,表示“第……”的順序含義,在first前加定冠詞the;也可指“我的頭一天”,在first前加物主代詞my。
固定短語中冠詞的運用是近年高考冠詞考查頻率較高的考點,考生應(yīng)對常用固定短語中冠詞的應(yīng)用諳熟于心。
【典例1】Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at ____ top of her lungs.(2018年全國卷Ⅲ,語法填空,62)
【解析】the。at the top of one's lungs為固定短語,意為“用最大的聲音,聲嘶力竭”。
【典例2】As ____ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017年全國卷Ⅰ,語法填空,65)
【解析】a。as a result為固定短語,意為“因此,結(jié)果”。
【拓展】含a/an的常見固定短語:as a matter of fact,as a rule, at a loss, at a time, at an early age, for a while, take a chance, have a gift for, have a good/wonderful time, keep an eye on, lend sb.a hand, in a word, all of a sudden, make a choice, make a difference, go for a walk, quite a few, take/have a break等;含the的常見固定短語:at the top/bottom of, at/by the end of, in the end, by the way, for the time being,for the better/worse, in the long run, on the spot, on the whole, the other day, to tell the truth等;含零冠詞的常見固定短語:at risk, atfirst/last, at present, by heart, by chance,by accident, by way of, catchfire, in advance, in use, in debt,in return, in short, on duty, out of order, out of breath, under repair等。
表示一類人或事物時,常用的表達方式:“the + 單數(shù)名詞”“a/an + 單數(shù)名詞”“零冠詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,但“the + 單數(shù)名詞”更強調(diào)把事物視為整體。不可數(shù)名詞表示一類事物時,其前不用冠詞,若不可數(shù)名詞前用定冠詞the,則表示特指含義。
【典例1】The biggest whale is ____ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long — the height of a 9-story building.
【解析】the。此處the blue whale指“藍鯨”這一類物種,用the表示類別,而非特指具體的某一頭藍鯨。
【典例2】I don't like talking on the telephone; I prefer writing the letters.(單句改錯)
【解析】去掉letters前的the。此處復(fù)數(shù)名詞letters表示泛指意義的“書信”,其前用零冠詞表示類別,而非特指的“這些信”。
【典例3】I know you don't like the music very much.But what do you think of the music in the film we saw yesterday?(單句改錯)
【解析】去掉第一個the。此處music是不可數(shù)名詞,其前用零冠詞,表示泛指意義的“音樂”這類事物,而非特指的“這首樂曲”。
“a/an + 姓氏”表示“某位姓/叫……的人”,表明說話人不認識這個人,亦可用于表示某家族中的一員;“a/an +姓名”表示“一個……式的人”,表示與該人有類似特征的人;“a /an + 作家/發(fā)明家/畫家等的名字”,可引申指“一副/部……的作品/發(fā)明”;“the + 姓氏復(fù)數(shù)”可表示“……一家人或一家人中的夫婦倆、兄弟倆或姐妹倆”。
【典例1】Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be ____ Beethoven.
【解析】a。此處表示“一個貝多芬式的人物”,意指Brian音樂天賦極高。
【典例2】Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be ____ Picasso.
【解析】a。此處表示“畢加索的一幅作品”。
【典例3】Sorry, wrong number.There isn't ____ Mr.Smith here.
【解析】a。此處表示“這里沒有個叫史密斯的先生”,說明說話人不認識這個人。
“as + 形容詞 + a/an + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“和……一樣……的……”;“a/an + 比較級 + 名詞/one”表示“一個更……的……”,在否定結(jié)構(gòu)里,它暗含最高級的意思;在兩者中進行比較時,名詞或代詞前的比較級前常加the;“the +比較級,the +比較級”句型中,the不可省略;在形容詞最高級前應(yīng)加the。
注意:“the + most + 形容詞 + 名詞”是最高級用法,表示“最……”,“a + most + 形容詞 + 名詞”表示“非?!摹保瑓^(qū)別在于:若無范圍,用a;若有范圍(介詞短語或定語從句中),用the。
【典例1】Our neighbour has as big ____ house as ours.
【解析】a。此處表示“有一棟和我們的房子一樣大的房子”。
【典例2】Of the two sisters, Betty is ____ younger one,and she is also the one who loves to be quiet.
【解析】the。此處用定冠詞,特指兩者中較年幼的。
【典例3】The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ____ most modern of architects and engineers.(2015年全國卷Ⅱ,語法填空,62)
【解析】the。此處有介詞短語of architects and engineers引出的范圍,表達最高級的含義。
【典例4】It may not be a great suggestion.But before____ better one is put forward, we'll make do with it.
【解析】a。此處用“a + 比較級 + 代詞one”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“一個更好的建議”。
抽象名詞前通常不用不定冠詞a/an,但當(dāng)抽象名詞具體化時,則應(yīng)加a/an。情感類抽象名詞comfort, joy, pity,pleasure, surprise等前加a/an可具體化表示“一件……的事”;抽象名詞disappointment, failure, help, success等前加a/an可具體化表示“一個……的人”或“一件……的事”;抽象名詞area, history, knowledge, population, time, world等前加a/an可具體化以表達它們某一方面的內(nèi)容。
【典例1】Being able to afford a drink would be ____ comfort in those tough times.
【解析】a。此處a comfort是抽象名詞具體化的用法,表示“一件給予人安慰的事”。
【典例2】We are said to be living in the Information Age, ____ time of new discoveries and great changes.
【解析】a。此處a time是抽象名詞具體化的用法,表示“一段時間”。
表示“拍,打,抓,牽”某人身體部位時,身體部位名詞前應(yīng)使用定冠詞the,具體為“主語 + 謂語 + sb.+ 介詞(in/on/by)+ the + 身體部位”。
【典例1】An apple fell from the tree and hit him on his head.(單句改錯)
【解析】his → the。此處指“打中他的頭部”,表示身體部位的名詞前只用定冠詞the,不可用his。
【典例2】He was about to tell me the secret when someone patted him on shoulder.(單句改錯)
【解析】shoulder前加the。此處指“拍他的肩膀”,表示身體部位的名詞前用定冠詞the。
學(xué)科名詞前用零冠詞,當(dāng)Chinese, English, Spanish等語言類名詞表示學(xué)科時,其前不用冠詞;當(dāng)語言類名詞后有l(wèi)anguage或表特指時,其前通常用定冠詞the。
【典例】Carl is studying the food science at college and hopes to open up a meat factory of his own one day.(單句改錯)
【解析】去掉the。此處food science意為“食品科學(xué)”,是學(xué)科名,其前不用冠詞。
在年代、月份名詞前應(yīng)用定冠詞the。如in/by the year 2060(區(qū)別于in/by 2060);in the 1990's/1990s,in the 70s等;in the month of July(區(qū)別于in July)。
【典例1】This area experienced the heaviest rainfall in a month of May.(單句改錯)
【解析】a → the。此處表示特定月份,month前應(yīng)用定冠詞the。
【典例2】A recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S.would be higher than the number of English speakers by ____ year 2090.(單句改錯)
【解析】the。此處表示特定年份,year前應(yīng)用定冠詞the。
表示身份或職務(wù)的名詞如monitor, chairman, president,manager, headmaster等在句中作主語/賓語補足語、同位語或介詞的賓語時,這類名詞前用零冠詞。
【典例1】Sam has been appointed the manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.(單句改錯)
【解析】去掉第一個定冠詞the。此處職務(wù)名詞manager of the engineering department作主語補足語,其前不用冠詞。
【典例2】Dr.Peter Spence, a headmaster of the school,told us, “Afifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”(單句改錯)
【解析】去掉第一個a。此處職務(wù)名詞headmaster of the school作主語Dr.Peter Spence的同位語,其前不用冠詞。
在名詞college, court, church, hospital, office, prison, sea,school, table等前,若有定冠詞或不定冠詞,表示這類名詞的具體處所;若用零冠詞,則表示與這類名詞相關(guān)的功能。例如:go to court打官司,go to the court去法院;in office執(zhí)政,當(dāng)權(quán);in the office在辦公室里;leave college大學(xué)畢業(yè);leave the college離開這所大學(xué)。
【典例1】We went right round to the west coast by the sea instead of driving across the continent.(單句改錯)
【解析】去掉第二個定冠詞the。此處用by sea表示“乘船”。
【典例2】The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.(單句改錯)
【解析】在sea前加the。此處用by the sea作后置定語修飾hotel,表示“在海邊”。
【拓展】注意一些有無冠詞the的短語的區(qū)別:by day白天,by the day按天計算;in front of在……前面,in the front of在……前部;in charge of負責(zé),in the charge of由……負責(zé);in case of假使/萬一,in the case of就……來說,至于;in future從今以后,in the future在將來;in possession of擁有,in the possession of歸……所擁有;in red穿紅衣服,in the red赤字,虧損;in view of考慮到,in the view of根據(jù);out of question沒問題,out of the question不可能的;two of us我們中有兩人,the two of us我們倆。