趙雅淇 黃宏琳
[摘要] 目的 探討丙種球蛋白(IVIG)無反應(yīng)型川崎?。↘D)患兒急性期淋巴細(xì)胞亞群及免疫球蛋白的變化及臨床價值。 方法 回顧分析2018年7月~2020年5月廈門市兒童醫(yī)院收治的115例KD患兒臨床資料,IVIG無反應(yīng)型18例,IVIG敏感型97例,正常對照組27例,應(yīng)用單因素分析KD組與對照組、IVIG無反應(yīng)組與IVIG敏感組患兒各實驗室指標(biāo)的變化,應(yīng)用多元逐步回歸分析及受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)分析篩查IVIG無反應(yīng)型KD的獨(dú)立危險因素并預(yù)測其臨床效能。 結(jié)果 KD組外周血白細(xì)胞(WBC)、淋巴細(xì)胞(L)計數(shù)、CD19百分比、CD4、CD19絕對值、CD4/CD8比值、補(bǔ)體C3均高于對照組,KD組L比例、CD3、CD8、NK百分比、IgA均低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。IVIG無反應(yīng)組WBC、L比例及計數(shù)、CD3、CD4百分比、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD19、NK絕對值、補(bǔ)體C3均低于IVIG敏感組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。CD3絕對值及補(bǔ)體C3降低為IVIG無反應(yīng)型KD的獨(dú)立危險因素,且CD3≤1.588×109/L預(yù)測IVIG無反應(yīng)的靈敏度為86.6%、特異度為72.2%,ROC曲線下面積為0.836,補(bǔ)體C3≤1.40 g/L預(yù)測IVIG無反應(yīng)的靈敏度為56.7%、特異度為83.3%,ROC曲線下面積為0.758。 結(jié)論 外周血淋巴細(xì)胞亞群和補(bǔ)體C3可作為早期識別IVIG無反應(yīng)型KD的實驗室指標(biāo),并為探索難治型KD的治療提供依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 川崎病;丙種球蛋白無反應(yīng);淋巴細(xì)胞亞群;免疫功能
[中圖分類號] R725.4? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)32-0075-06
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the changes and clinical value of lymphocyte subpopulation and immunoglobulin in children with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) resistant Kawasaki disease (KD) at acute phase. Methods A total of 115 children with KD admitted to Xiamen Children's Hospital from July 2018 to May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, there were 18 cases with resistant IVIG, 97 cases with sensitive IVIG, and 27 cases with the normal control group. The changes of laboratory indexes in the KD group and the control group, the IVIG resistant group and the IVIG sensitive group were analyzed by univariate analysis, and the independent risk factors for KD in resistant IVIG group were screened by multivariate stepwise regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis to predict its clinical efficacy. Results The peripheral white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (L) count, CD19 percentage, CD4, absolute values of CD19, CD4/CD8 ratio and complement C3 in KD group were all higher than those in the control group. The L ratio, CD3, CD8, NK percentage and IgA in the KD group were all lower than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The WBC, L ratio and count, CD3, CD4 percentage, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, the absolute value of NK, and complement C3 in the IVIG resistant group were all lower than those in the IVIG sensitive group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The absolute value of CD3 and reduction of complement C3 were the independent risk factors for resistant IVIG KD, and the sensitivity and specificity of CD3≤1.588×109/L to predict IVIG resistant were 86.6% and 72.2%, respectively. The area under ROC curve was 0.836, and the sensitivity and specificity of complement C3≤1.40 g/L to predict IVIG resistant were 56.7% and 83.3%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.758. Conclusion Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulation and complement C3 can be used as laboratory indexes for early recognition of resistant IVIG resistant KD and provide the basis for exploring the treatment of refractory KD.
3 討論
川崎病易引起嚴(yán)重冠狀動脈損害,因此成為兒童后天心臟病的危險因素。外文報道,以IVIG作為一線藥物的免疫、炎癥性疾病多為難治性疾病[6],其中對首劑大劑量IVIG無反應(yīng)的KD患兒是并發(fā)CAL的主要群體,因此急性期通過異常指標(biāo)識別IVIG無反應(yīng)型KD、了解其免疫作用機(jī)制,可指導(dǎo)臨床早期聯(lián)合其他免疫抑制劑治療以降低CAL發(fā)生率,并為探索新型KD敏感靶標(biāo)藥物提供幫助。
KD本質(zhì)是以全身血管炎性病變?yōu)橹鞯拿庖咝约膊?,大多學(xué)者認(rèn)為[7],其機(jī)制與細(xì)胞、體液免疫應(yīng)答異常導(dǎo)致調(diào)控血管內(nèi)皮的炎癥細(xì)胞因子失衡有關(guān)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組相比,KD組淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)、CD4絕對值、CD4/CD8比值、CD19百分比與絕對值顯著升高,而CD3、CD8百分比明顯降低,提示KD急性期存在T淋巴細(xì)胞及B淋巴細(xì)胞的異常激活,這可能成為KD患兒后期血管損傷的始動環(huán)節(jié)。
國外文獻(xiàn)指出[8-9],T淋巴細(xì)胞主要包括調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞和輔助性T細(xì)胞,在特定條件下分別發(fā)揮代償性減輕致病物質(zhì)反應(yīng)的抗炎癥介質(zhì)作用,以及導(dǎo)致腫瘤壞死因子(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素(Interleukin,IL)等炎癥細(xì)胞因子、介質(zhì)釋放,引起血管內(nèi)皮炎性病變的細(xì)胞毒性作用[10]。目前認(rèn)為,調(diào)節(jié)性 T 細(xì)胞在調(diào)控和維持機(jī)體自身免疫耐受中發(fā)揮重要作用,F(xiàn)OXP3作為特異性的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,表達(dá)減少或突變均可導(dǎo)致調(diào)節(jié)性 T細(xì)胞減少或功能障礙[11]。既往文獻(xiàn)指出,重癥肌無力等自身免疫性疾病活動期CD4+CD25+FOXP3+T細(xì)胞表達(dá)顯著低于恢復(fù)期及健康兒童,而免疫抑制劑糖皮質(zhì)激素和IVIG治療后調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞比例明顯上升[12]。針對KD的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)IVIG治療KD的主要機(jī)制與降低淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡、增強(qiáng)調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞功能有關(guān)[13]。Yu等[14]檢測KD患兒CD4細(xì)胞中CD25、FOXP3的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示缺乏CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的患兒更易對IVIG治療無反應(yīng)。本研究結(jié)果表明,IVIG無反應(yīng)組白細(xì)胞計數(shù)、淋巴細(xì)胞比例及計數(shù)、CD3、CD4百分比、CD3、CD4、CD8絕對值較IVIG敏感組降低,推測KD早期IVIG無反應(yīng)組調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞比例低于IVIG敏感組,首劑IVIG治療不能有效地延緩淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡、加強(qiáng)調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞功能,因此不能在急性期抑制炎癥介質(zhì)生成、降低炎癥反應(yīng),進(jìn)一步說明,在KD早期,IVIG無反應(yīng)與T淋巴細(xì)胞抗炎、促炎雙作用的失衡相關(guān)。
本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管KD急性期B淋巴細(xì)胞異?;罨?,但I(xiàn)VIG無反應(yīng)組較IVIG敏感組CD19絕對值明顯降低、CD19百分比無明顯差異,提示IVIG無反應(yīng)患兒并不存在較IVIG敏感患兒更活躍的體液免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng),KD早期IVIG能有效結(jié)合B細(xì)胞受體并激活B細(xì)胞抑制通道,加速B細(xì)胞功能失調(diào)[15],推斷B淋巴細(xì)胞紊亂對IVIG無反應(yīng)影響可能不大。既往研究在KD早期損傷的冠狀動脈壁可見大量NK細(xì)胞聚集浸潤[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,KD組NK細(xì)胞百分比較對照組明顯下降,且IVIG無反應(yīng)組NK絕對值較IVIG敏感組明顯下降,推測KD急性期NK細(xì)胞過度消耗以參與血管炎癥損傷,且IVIG無反應(yīng)組NK細(xì)胞消耗更明顯。
免疫球蛋白和補(bǔ)體研究結(jié)果顯示,KD組IgA水平較對照組明顯降低,與既往文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)的IgA漿細(xì)胞易促成KD抗體產(chǎn)生的結(jié)論不相符[17],考慮系對照組個案數(shù)偏少,建議后期擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)一步驗證。而免疫球蛋白在IVIG無反應(yīng)組和IVIG敏感組間表達(dá)差異不顯著。補(bǔ)體C3在KD組明顯高于對照組,與CD19在急性期的表達(dá)一致,表明體液免疫在KD發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮作用。外國文獻(xiàn)指出,IVIG有明顯的補(bǔ)體抑制作用,且呈劑量依賴性[18],因此在一般KD患兒早期能有效抑制體液免疫的異常激活。但補(bǔ)體C3在IVIG無反應(yīng)組明顯低于IVIG敏感組,且是IVIG無反應(yīng)的獨(dú)立危險因素,推測可能與補(bǔ)體C3參與某種損傷機(jī)制消耗增加或基因變異有關(guān)[19,20],但目前無IVIG無反應(yīng)KD相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報道。此外,KD組白細(xì)胞計數(shù)、淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)顯著升高但淋巴細(xì)胞比例顯著降低,提示除細(xì)胞免疫抑制外,還有其他中性粒細(xì)胞相關(guān)因子參與免疫炎癥反應(yīng)[21],與小林評分中將中性粒細(xì)胞百分比≥80%作為IVIG無反應(yīng)及KD合并CAL的預(yù)測指標(biāo)相符[22]。
至今KD患兒IVIG無反應(yīng)的病因及機(jī)制尚不明確,研究表明可能與遺傳易感性有關(guān)。陳麗琴等[23]通過靶向捕獲測序技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),CARD11、CHUK等T細(xì)胞受體信號通路相關(guān)基因與IVIG無反應(yīng)有關(guān),此外KIR2DS4及GZMB的位點(diǎn)基因型與IVIG療效相關(guān),其中殺傷細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白樣受體(Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors,KIRs)是由T細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞表達(dá)的跨膜糖蛋白,而GZMB基因編碼的蛋白能被毒性T細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞活化,誘導(dǎo)靶細(xì)胞凋亡[24]。本研究也顯示IVIG,無反應(yīng)與淋巴細(xì)胞特別是T淋巴細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞功能失衡相關(guān),進(jìn)一步證實了免疫紊亂在IVIG無反應(yīng)KD中的作用。
本研究結(jié)果表明,IVIG無反應(yīng)KD患兒與IVIG敏感型及健康兒童間最顯著的差異是淋巴細(xì)胞比例及計數(shù),CD3、CD4百分比、CD3、CD4、CD8、NK絕對值,以及補(bǔ)體C3,其曲線下面積均大于0.5,說明以上實驗指標(biāo)對IVIG無反應(yīng)KD均有較高的預(yù)判價值,且CD3絕對值及補(bǔ)體C3降低是IVIG無反應(yīng)的獨(dú)立危險因素。
本研究的不足之處,IVIG無反應(yīng)病例數(shù)偏少,這主要與排除了所有IVIG診斷性治療的疑似病例以及部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)不完整的確診病例相關(guān),但與IVIG無反應(yīng)發(fā)生率也相吻合,另外補(bǔ)體C3在IVIG無反應(yīng)KD中的機(jī)制尚無有力文獻(xiàn)可依,有待后續(xù)收集更多樣本數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步探討。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-12)