【摘要】自2016年浙江省推行的新高考制度對(duì)英語學(xué)科的改變不僅體現(xiàn)在一年兩考,而且在試卷中新增了讀后續(xù)寫或概要寫作題型。本文將聚焦概要寫作。以核心素養(yǎng)理論為基礎(chǔ),解釋如何推進(jìn)概要寫作的過程:如何獲取要點(diǎn),如何轉(zhuǎn)述要點(diǎn)及如何銜接成文,希望能達(dá)到拋磚引玉的效果。
【關(guān)鍵詞】概要寫作;核心素養(yǎng);要點(diǎn)獲取;要點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)述;要點(diǎn)銜接
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】王敏,浙江省臨海市杜橋中學(xué)。
一、引言
根據(jù)《考試說明》中的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解讀,一篇優(yōu)秀的概要寫作要求考生正確運(yùn)用自己的語言概括原文要點(diǎn),要點(diǎn)間有銜接。要點(diǎn)的獲取需要借助語言能力中最基礎(chǔ)的語篇意識(shí)和段落間邏輯關(guān)系的理解來促成,亦需要借助學(xué)生的文化品格來實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)一些篇章所反映的文化現(xiàn)象的了解。而要點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)述和銜接需要借助學(xué)生的語言知識(shí)來建構(gòu)和表達(dá)文章的中心,以上都可以歸總于核心素養(yǎng)的落實(shí)與培養(yǎng)。因此,筆者認(rèn)為概要寫作教學(xué)要緊緊圍繞英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)理論展開。
二、基于語言能力的要點(diǎn)獲取
要點(diǎn)的獲取過程就是文本的解讀過程。概要寫作的讀應(yīng)以短文體裁為切入點(diǎn),利用各類體裁的文本結(jié)構(gòu)特征,快速確定(檢測(cè))要點(diǎn)信息。
1. 篩選主題句。主題句(topic sentence)通常是指可以統(tǒng)領(lǐng)或是概括文章主旨的關(guān)鍵性語句,尤其是在概要寫作過程中,會(huì)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)這樣的語句,比如很多文章整體甚至每段都是總-分或是分-總的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此一個(gè)段落的主題句通常位于段落的首或尾。除此之外,幫助我們快速找到概要文主題句方法也有很多,比如我們?cè)陂喿x與分析概要文時(shí),可以重點(diǎn)關(guān)注so、thus或類似的標(biāo)志性單詞,很可能后邊所接語句就是作者總結(jié)性的話語或是個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。
2. 尋找詞語。在語言技能方面特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)語篇做出的全局反應(yīng)。在練習(xí)中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)某些文章很難找到主題句和關(guān)鍵句。這種情況下我們可以先通讀全文從全局理解作者要表達(dá)的中心,而作者要表達(dá)的中心必然體現(xiàn)在各段中,依此可找出全文關(guān)鍵詞以及段落關(guān)鍵詞,進(jìn)而連詞成句,得出段落要點(diǎn)。
例如 衢州五校聯(lián)盟高三聯(lián)考卷的概要寫作(論競(jìng)爭(zhēng)competition)
Paragraph 1
“In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly...”第二句的 “it” 和前后兩句的 “competition” 呼應(yīng)。看出本文作者重點(diǎn)講述了兩種對(duì)待競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的態(tài)度。這兩種態(tài)度中“value”和“bad”是關(guān)鍵詞,體現(xiàn)了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在人們心目中好和壞的兩面性。
Paragraph 2
“For them, playing well and winning are often life and death affairs.”這段總結(jié)了一些人把“贏”看成“生死大事”這類人認(rèn)為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是體現(xiàn)人自身價(jià)值的,呼應(yīng)了第一段第一類人的態(tài)度。此時(shí)我們更清楚了作者就是通過一些人的具體表現(xiàn)來反映他們對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的態(tài)度。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)作為關(guān)鍵詞而存在就更明顯了。
Paragraph 3
“However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude...”此處我們通過連詞however和opposite能推斷出這段話所描述的是和第二段中那些人對(duì)待競(jìng)爭(zhēng)截然相反的態(tài)度,也就呼應(yīng)了第一段中第二類人的態(tài)度。而根據(jù)下文 “they seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success...” 印證了我們的判斷。這樣文章的結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了,關(guān)鍵詞也就浮出了水面。
三、基于文化品格的要點(diǎn)
1. 替換同義詞。替換同義詞是概要寫作最為基礎(chǔ)、最為重點(diǎn)的一部分,主要是指從原文中尋找關(guān)鍵詞匯和語句進(jìn)行同義詞語之間的替換與轉(zhuǎn)換,主要考察的是閱讀分析能力和詞匯量的儲(chǔ)備是否豐富。
例如:
Exercise has many benefits, including a lift in energy levels, an increase in self-esteem, and an overall improved sense of physical well-being, however, it is possible to become addicted to exercise. While an addiction to exercise is fairly rare and not as dangerous as an addiction to heroin(海洛因) cocaine, or other illegal drugs, it's still a problem that must be dealt with in a timely fashion.
通過 “however” 看出作者表達(dá)了相反的觀點(diǎn),最后作者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是后面的觀點(diǎn):盡管運(yùn)動(dòng)有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但有些人會(huì)上癮。這是個(gè)必須解決的問題。概括為:Although exercise has benefits, there is an addiction to exercise for some people. 這里的 “has”可以替換為“offers”,“addiction”替換為“make sb addicted ”。就可以轉(zhuǎn)述為 “Although exercise offers many benefits, it can make people addicted.”。
2. 語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。即將句子在主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。比如將這個(gè)句子的主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài):Many people speak English.(主動(dòng)語態(tài));語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換后:English is spoken by many people.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))。
3. 句子重構(gòu)。寫好一篇英語概要文章,掌握一定句式必不可少,這是寫作層次、思路清晰、文章語意簡(jiǎn)潔的前提條件。為了達(dá)到“以簡(jiǎn)為貴”的教學(xué)效果,英語教師開展復(fù)雜句式“化繁為簡(jiǎn)”,簡(jiǎn)單句式“重新組合”的教學(xué)策略,提高學(xué)生縮寫與重構(gòu)句式的能力。下面以一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句式重構(gòu)為例,闡述整合文章大意進(jìn)行句式重構(gòu)的方法:
The biological clock is an internal system that tells our bodies when to go to bed and get up. Scientists track the clock by experimentally measuring the amount of melatonin circulating in a person's blood. In a healthy sleeper, melatonin levels rise a few hours before going to bed, stay high throughout the night, and then gradually decrease when it's time to get up.
The biological clock is an internal system that, like a clock, tells our bodies when to go to bed and get up. Scientists track the existence and function of the clock by experimentally measuring the amount of melatonin circulating in a person's blood. It was found that in a healthy sleeper, melatonin levels rose a few hours before going to bed, stay high throughout the night, and then gradually decrease when it's time to get up.
這段話中介紹了生物鐘的定義,還講了 “melatonin level” 即褪黑激素水平和人體睡眠鐘的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系。最初可把整段話概括為:The circadian clock is an internal system, it schedules your sleeping time influenced by the quantity of melatonin。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)“circadian clock”“internal system”和“it”都是指“生物鐘”,所以可以重構(gòu)為:
I.用同位語:The circadian clock, an internal system, schedules your sleeping time influenced by the quantity of melatonin.
II.用定語從句:The circadian clock is an internal system, which schedules your sleeping time influenced by the quantity of melatonin.
四、基于思維品質(zhì)的要點(diǎn)銜接
通過閱讀《考試說明》,我們知道寫好一篇概要文章,不僅要做好語句緊密連接,還要做到結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊有層次,二者缺一不可。所以需要讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)獲取要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述的同時(shí),還需要注意各個(gè)要點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性與層遞性,這樣才能讓概要寫作要點(diǎn)之間有效連接,逐句成段、逐段成篇。下面我們以“廣告的作用”要點(diǎn)為例進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說明:
1. Advertising plays an extremely important role in the commercial field. Enterprises in various industries hope to use the power of advertising to attract or convey commodity information to people, so that they can get close to their own products and then seize market share.
2. Advertisement is enlightening and misleading. By changing people's initial thinking, people can be encouraged to buy goods that they don't think are important but also need.
3. Besides advertising also has a direct impact on people's consumption consciousness. Therefore, many enterprises use price reduction advertising as a means of promotion to quickly empty their products.
4. Although fast food is harmful to human health, people can't resist the attraction and temptation of advertisement.
5. However, similar advertisements have certain comparability, such as the price, quality and after-sale reputation of similar goods.
這些句子中所用的一些關(guān)鍵詞如 “attract”“encouraged” 體現(xiàn)廣告的積極作用,然而在第四段中出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞 “although”, 說明此處講到了一些廣告的不良影響,如對(duì)快餐的宣傳。最后一段畫風(fēng)一轉(zhuǎn)又用了 “however” ,再次提到了廣告的好處是幫助顧客從價(jià)格,質(zhì)量和可靠性三方面對(duì)各種產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行比較,從而選出最適合自己的商品。那么在概括的時(shí)候?qū)W生也應(yīng)用到相應(yīng)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞和指示代詞體現(xiàn)這些要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。所以筆者把這篇文章概括為:
Advertising is essential to firms as it appeals to customers. It tries to persuade people to buy unnecessary goods, which promotes the sales. In addition, companies make people become more familiar with new products through advertising to increase sales, by which people can make decisions more reasonably by comparison from many aspects such as price, quality and reliability.
五、結(jié)語
了解了概要寫作的推進(jìn)過程,筆者希望學(xué)生在分析文章時(shí)還能邊讀邊劃他們認(rèn)為的關(guān)鍵詞和關(guān)鍵句。先列要點(diǎn),再打草稿寫提綱,最后再修改成文。當(dāng)然,不可避免地個(gè)別學(xué)生會(huì)生搬硬套一些在閱讀素材中遇到的經(jīng)典句型和詞匯,欠缺思考地慣用一些連接詞和銜接語句,以及不分主次地進(jìn)行拼湊寫作。對(duì)此,教師需要明確培養(yǎng)學(xué)生概要寫作能力并非一朝一夕可以完成,是需要一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期循序漸進(jìn)的過程,應(yīng)在反復(fù)重復(fù)性的練習(xí)中,激發(fā)學(xué)生寫作興趣、創(chuàng)新寫作教學(xué)內(nèi)容與形式,讓學(xué)生通過練習(xí)能夠不斷提升語篇意識(shí)、準(zhǔn)確應(yīng)用詞匯、語句、句式,這才是基礎(chǔ)與關(guān)鍵。另外,還應(yīng)啟迪學(xué)生寫作之前進(jìn)行思考,修改草稿提綱,變換思維和寫作方式等,以求寫作內(nèi)容新穎,要點(diǎn)之間邏輯關(guān)系清晰,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)概要寫作能力的穩(wěn)定提升。
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