馬道森
【摘要】 定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞是中學(xué)階段英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的難點(diǎn),很多學(xué)生把關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞混為一談。比如他們不理解同樣的先行詞the days 為什么有些時(shí)候后面用when ,有些時(shí)候用that或which;先行詞the reason也一樣,后面有時(shí)用why,有時(shí)用that或which。這些問(wèn)題經(jīng)常會(huì)困擾學(xué)生,百思不得其解。為解決這些疑難,本文從句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析的角度,分析了定語(yǔ)從句三個(gè)狀語(yǔ)及對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞的特點(diǎn)并提供了相關(guān)題目的解題方法和思路。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系副詞 關(guān)系代詞
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】 G633.41 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】 A 【文章編號(hào)】 1992-7711(2018)03-186-02
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一、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫做關(guān)系詞,根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用即充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞郑梢苑譃殛P(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, which, that, whose 等;關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why,本文重點(diǎn)講述關(guān)系副詞的用法。
二、關(guān)系副詞的作用
副詞和狀語(yǔ)都是漢語(yǔ)詞匯。狀語(yǔ),即表示動(dòng)詞的狀態(tài)、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、程度、原因等的修飾成分。作狀語(yǔ)的詞叫做副詞。關(guān)系副詞用來(lái)聯(lián)系定語(yǔ)從句,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ),when,where, why 分別作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)。
以下面句子為例:
Marys fatherwas lying on the bed at 5:00 yesterday afternoon for his illness.
定語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 原因 狀語(yǔ)
句子中,三個(gè)狀語(yǔ)分別是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、和原因狀語(yǔ)。鑒于很多學(xué)生關(guān)于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的知識(shí)比較薄弱,我們可以給學(xué)生一定數(shù)量的句子成分分析的練習(xí)題,通過(guò)一定數(shù)量的練習(xí)以后,學(xué)生就會(huì)熟練分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)了,然后就可以由易到難,循序漸進(jìn),從簡(jiǎn)單句過(guò)渡到復(fù)合句,進(jìn)而分析復(fù)合句的組成部分,通過(guò)題目來(lái)引入關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞知識(shí)。
三、關(guān)系副詞的運(yùn)用
定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞只有三個(gè),作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的的when,作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的where 和作原因狀語(yǔ)的why。 下面通過(guò)組句練習(xí)來(lái)說(shuō)明復(fù)合句的構(gòu)成。例如:
(1 ) He came to the meeting late , for he overslept.
原因狀語(yǔ)
(2) The reason was that he overslept.
——The reason why he came to the meeting late was that he overslept.
why = for he over slept
(3) I will never forget the days.
(4) we stayed in that lonely village during the days.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
when= during the days.
——I will never forget the days when we stayed in that lonely village.
(5).Finally the troops arrived in a small town.
(6).The troops planned to spend the night in the town.
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
——Finally the troops arrived in a small town where they planned to spend the night.
where = in the town
可以看出,三種狀語(yǔ) 都是由介詞+ 先行詞組成的。先行詞是指原因,地點(diǎn)或者時(shí)間的名詞,這個(gè)名詞可以用關(guān)系代詞which/that代替,所以,我們總結(jié)出最后結(jié)論,定語(yǔ)從句的
關(guān)系副詞 (where/when/ why) = 介詞+先行詞 = 介詞+ which. 注意:that 不能放在介詞后面做介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
四、易錯(cuò)題目解析
下面就用如上結(jié)論來(lái)分析一些定語(yǔ)從句的易錯(cuò)題目:
(1). He lives in a hotel, is only half an hours walk from here.
A. thatB. whichC. in which D. where
解析:本題 hotel 是先行詞, 將先行詞帶入定語(yǔ)從句 the hotel is only half an hours walk from here. 句子完整。 上面說(shuō)過(guò),先行詞用關(guān)系代詞which代替(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí),只能用which),所以答案是B.
(2) The workers finally cut the tree, Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset
A. that B. which C. who D. where
解析:本題 the tree 是先行詞,把它帶入定語(yǔ)從句,句子不完整,需要加介詞on,成為如下句子:
Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset on the tree (地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))
用which 代替先行詞 即成為 on which, 把on which 置于Julie Baker 前:
The workers finally cut the tree, on which Julie Baker could see the beautiful sunrise and sunset.
根據(jù)上面的推論。 where = on which
得出正確答案:D
3. Betty will never forget the days she spent with her father in Shanghai.
A. when B. on whichC. on that D. that
解析:本題 很多同學(xué)會(huì)因慣性思維的影響,看到the days 馬上就選擇了A 答案。下面分析一下存在什么問(wèn)題:
本題先行詞 the days. 把它帶入定語(yǔ)從句,可構(gòu)成一個(gè)意思正確、結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子
She spent the days with her father in Shanghai.
Spent 是及物動(dòng)詞,the days 是賓語(yǔ),構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)。
上文講到 指物的先行詞可以用關(guān)系代詞that/ which ,故正確答案為:D
4. Betty will never forget the days she studied in America.
A.during whichC. during thatC. whichD. that
解析: 本題先行詞 the days. 把the days 帶入定語(yǔ)從句,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)法構(gòu)成完整句子,需根據(jù)意義添加介詞 during 或者in, 即:
She studied in America during the days. (時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
先行詞用關(guān)系代詞which或that 代替,我們得到答案 during which. 故正確答案:A
(that 不能放在介詞后面做介詞的賓語(yǔ))
5. The reason he explained to me was not convincing.
A. that B. why C. for which D. for that
解析: 學(xué)生易選B。我們驗(yàn)證一下:
把the reason 帶入定語(yǔ)從句,可以構(gòu)成完整的句子:
he explained the reason to me.
后面的定語(yǔ)從句缺的不是原因狀語(yǔ),而是explained 的賓語(yǔ),指物并作賓語(yǔ)我們用關(guān)系代詞that/ which. 到此,我們得出正確答案:A
6. The reason he was absent was that he was ill.
A. why B. whichC. that D. for that
解析: 先行詞同樣是the reason, 現(xiàn)在我們把它帶入定語(yǔ)從句:
he was absent for the reason(原因狀語(yǔ))
先行詞用關(guān)系代詞that/ which 代替,因that 不能放在介詞后面做賓語(yǔ),我們得出空格處應(yīng)填 for which,原因狀語(yǔ)用關(guān)系副詞why. 即 why = for which . 到此,得出正確答案:A
六、結(jié)語(yǔ)
本文運(yùn)用分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的方法系統(tǒng)闡述了定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,并運(yùn)用分析結(jié)果成功解決了中學(xué)階段定語(yǔ)從句方面的疑難題目。本文研究結(jié)果表明,定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞when/where/ why 都可以分解為介詞+ 先行詞兩部分。判斷空格處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是看先行詞能否直接作定語(yǔ)從句的句子成分,如果能則應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞;如果不能則需填入關(guān)系副詞。盡管這部分知識(shí)是中學(xué)階段語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn),通過(guò)詳細(xì)的講解和足夠的練習(xí),學(xué)生定能熟練掌握和運(yùn)用。