生玉平 馬曉迎 楊星夢(mèng) 張浩然 王娜 徐海平 孫福云
[摘要] 目的探討終末期腎臟病(ESRD)患者骨量異常的危險(xiǎn)因素。方法納入2020年 1—12月在滄州市中心醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科住院的228例 ESRD 患者為研究對(duì)象,收集臨床資料及化驗(yàn)指標(biāo),采用雙能 X 線(xiàn)吸收測(cè)定法檢測(cè)骨密度(BMD)及確定 T 值。依據(jù) T 值分為骨量正常組和骨量異常組,骨量異常組包括骨量減少組和骨質(zhì)疏松組。比較各組年齡、性別、透析齡、是否透析、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、血鈣(Ca)、血磷(P)、甲狀旁腺激素(iPTH)、堿性磷酸酶(ALP)、25羥維生素 D3[25-(OH)-VitD3]、C 反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)的差異,并行 logistic 回歸分析骨量異常的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果所有患者骨量異常的發(fā)生率高達(dá)77.2%;透析患者骨量異常發(fā)生率(82.2%)高于非透析患者(73.9%)。各組患者在年齡、性別、BMI、Ca、P、25-(OH)-VitD3、 CRP 方面比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均 P <0.05);透析患者比例隨骨量下降有升高趨勢(shì),但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義( P=0.058)。將 P <0.1的因素納入有序多因素 logistic 回歸分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)透析( OR=3.305,95%CI 為 1.399~ 4.440, P=0.030)、低 BMI(OR=0.236,95%CI 為-0.153~ -0.021, P=0.010)是 ESRD 患者骨量異常的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論透析患者骨量異常發(fā)生率高于非透析患者。透析、低 BMI 是 ESRD 患者骨量異常的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值有待進(jìn)一步評(píng)估。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 終末期腎臟病;骨密度;骨量異常;骨質(zhì)疏松;危險(xiǎn)因素
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R692.5??? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A??? [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2022)06-0023-05
A single centered analysis on risk factors for abnormal bone mass in patients with end-stage renal disease
SHENG ?Yuping???? MA? Xiaoying???? YANG? Xingmeng???? ZHANG? Haoran???? WANG? NaXU? Haiping??? SUN? Fuyun
Department of Nephrology Ⅱ ,Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei, Cangzhou 061000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the risk factors for abnormal bone mass in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods A total of 228 patients with ESRD who were hospitalized in the Department of Nephrology at Cangzhou Central Hospital from January to December 2020 were included in the study, and their clinical data and laboratory indexes were collected. The bone mineral density (BMD) was detected and the T value was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Based on the T value, the patients were divided into the normal bone mass group and the abnormal bone mass group, and the abnormal bone mass group was further divided into the reduced bone mass group and the osteoporosis group. The differences in age, gender, dialysis age, the presence or absence of dialysis, body mass index (BMI), blood calcium (Ca), blood phosphorus (P), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 [25-(OH)-VitD3], and C-reactive protein (CRP) were compared among all groups, and logistic regression was performed to analyze the risk factors for abnormal bone mass. Results The incidence of abnormal bone mass was up to 77.2% in all patients, and the incidence of abnormal bone mass in dialysis patients (82.2%) was higher than that in non-dialysis patients (73.9%). There were statistically significant differences in age, gender, BMI, Ca, P, 25-(OH)-VitD3, and CRP among all groups (all P <0.05). The proportion of dialysis patients tended to increase with decreasing bone mass, but there was no significant difference (P=0.058). Factors with P <0.1 were included in the multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis, and the results showed that dialysis (OR=3.305, 95%CI:1.399 to 4.440, P=0.030) and low BMI (OR=0.236, 95%CI:-0.153 to -0.021, P=0.010) were risk factors for abnormal bone mass in patients with ESRD. Conclusion The incidence of abnormal bone mass in dialysis patients is higher than that in non-dialysis patients. Dialysis and low BMI are independent risk factors for abnormal bone mass in patients with ESRD, but the predictive value needs to be further evaluated.
[Key words] End-stage renal disease; Bone mineral density; Abnormal bone mass; Osteoporosis; Risk factors
骨質(zhì)疏松是一種以骨量減低、骨微結(jié)構(gòu)破壞、骨脆性增加為特征的全身性代謝性疾病[1]。骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD)是體現(xiàn)骨量的重要參數(shù),也是反映骨強(qiáng)度的最主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]。改善全球腎臟病預(yù)后組織2017年提出的關(guān)于慢性腎臟病- 礦物質(zhì)和骨代謝紊亂的指南建議用 BMD 來(lái)評(píng)估慢性腎臟病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。有研究已證實(shí)[4-5],BMD 可預(yù)測(cè)透析患者的骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和死亡率。
CKD 是骨質(zhì)疏松強(qiáng)烈而獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因素[6]。它不僅使骨質(zhì)疏松患病率增加[7],同時(shí)與骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及骨折后死亡率相關(guān)[8-9]。近年來(lái)的研究人群局限于 CKD 各期患者之間[10]、CKD 患者與健康人群之間[8] 以及透析患者與健康人群之間[11-12]。本研究將目標(biāo)人群鎖在終末期腎臟病(end-stage renal? disease, ESRD)患者,包括透析(血液透析和腹膜透析)患者以及非透析患者,對(duì)骨量異常患病情況及危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行分析。
1 資料與方法
1.1? 研究對(duì)象
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):采用 CKD-EPI 公式估算腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(glomerular filtration rate, eGFR),依據(jù)2002年美國(guó)腎臟病基金會(huì)提出的 CKD 分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13],符合 CKD 5期即 eGFR<15 ml/min。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):急性腎損傷、CKD 急性加重、嚴(yán)重感染、惡性腫瘤、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素及數(shù)據(jù)缺失的患者。納入患者共256例,排除急性腎損傷2 例、CKD 急性加重4 例、嚴(yán)重感染5 例、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤3 例、長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素3 例、數(shù)據(jù)缺失11例,最終納入228例。年齡19~ 84歲,男137例(60%),透析患者 90例(血透60%),中位透析齡36個(gè)月。本院雙能 X 線(xiàn)骨密度儀檢測(cè)并記錄患者的第1 ~5 腰椎 BMD 值,此數(shù)值與參考值的平均值比較,所得的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差用 T 值表示。依據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織制定的骨質(zhì)疏松 BMD 測(cè)量的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14],T ≥-1.0為骨量正常,-2.5< T <-1.0為骨量減少, T ≤-2.5為骨質(zhì)疏松。依據(jù)T 值患者被分為骨量正常組和骨量異常組,骨量異常組包括骨量減少組和骨質(zhì)疏松組。本研究符合醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(審批號(hào):2020-257-01),所有入選患者均知情同意。
1.2? 研究方法
臨床資料及標(biāo)本收集:記錄患者的年齡、性別、身高、體重、透析齡、透析方式等,所有患者均于住院后第2 天清晨空腹采血,檢測(cè)指標(biāo)血鈣(calcium,Ca)、血磷(phosphorus, P)、甲狀旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,iPTH)、堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、25羥維生素 D3[25 hydroxy vitamin D3,25-(OH)- VitD3]、C 反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)。計(jì)算體重指數(shù)(body mass index, BMI)[BMI(kg/m2)=體重(kg)/身高(m)2]。在白蛋白(albumin,ALB)<40 g/L 時(shí)對(duì) Ca 進(jìn)行校正,公式為:校正鈣(mmol/L)=測(cè)量鈣值(mmol/L)+[40-ALB(g/L)]×0.02。
1.3? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用 SPSS 24.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)± 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x ±s)表示,多組比較采用方差分析。非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用 M(P25, P75)表示,多組間比較采用 Kruskal- wallis秩和檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n (%)]表示,有序計(jì)數(shù)資料多組比較采用 Kruskal-wallis秩和檢驗(yàn)。采用有序多因素 logistic 回歸分析 ESRD 患者骨量異常的危險(xiǎn)因素。 P <0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1?? ESRD患者骨量異常發(fā)生情況與發(fā)生率
共入組患者228例,骨量異常(176例)總發(fā)生率為77.2%。其中,非透析患者(138例)骨量異常發(fā)生率為73.9%,透析患者(90例)骨量異常發(fā)生率為 82.2%。透析患者中血透患者(54例)骨量異常發(fā)生率為85.2%,腹透患者(36例)骨量異常發(fā)生率為 77.8%??梢?jiàn)透析患者比非透析患者骨量異常發(fā)生率高,而血液透析患者較腹膜透析患者骨量異常發(fā)生率高。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2?? ESRD患者不同骨量資料比較
與骨量正常組相比,骨質(zhì)疏松組年齡更大(P <0.05),骨量疏松組女性比例更高(P <0.05),骨質(zhì)疏松組 25-(OH)-VitD3 更低(P <0.05); BMI、P 隨骨量下降而降低(均 P <0.05); CRP、Ca? 隨骨量下降而升高(均 P <0.05);透析患者比例隨骨量下降有升高趨勢(shì),但差異不明顯( P=0.058);透析齡、iPTH、ALP 隨骨量下降有升高趨勢(shì),但差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義( P >0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3?? ESRD患者不同骨量的多因素logistic回歸分析
以 BMD 為因變量,結(jié)合上述 P <0.1的因素,納入年齡、性別、BMI、CRP、Ca、P、25-(OH)-VitD3? 以及是否透析行有序多因素 logistic 回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示透析、低 BMI 是 ESRD 患者骨量異常的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(均 P <0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
3 討論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)透析是 ESRD 患者骨量異常的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。就目前研究而言,透析是否與 BMD 相關(guān)是有爭(zhēng)議的。有些研究與本研究結(jié)果相一致,發(fā)現(xiàn)透析與 BMD 呈負(fù)相關(guān)。有研究表明[15],與健康人群相比,透析患者的 BMD 損失進(jìn)展似乎更大。 Melton 等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)血液透析患者的 BMD 損失比健康人群高7 ~14倍。也有結(jié)果不一致的研究,如Jamal 等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn) BMD 與是否透析沒(méi)有顯著關(guān)系。透析本身可能會(huì)加重 BMD 減低的原因目前尚不明確。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[17]血液透析可清除破骨細(xì)胞分化因子(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, RANKL),卻極少清除骨保護(hù)素(oculopneumoplethysmo graph, OPG),導(dǎo)致 RANKL/OPG 顯著下降,從而引發(fā)破骨細(xì)胞活化、骨質(zhì)破壞,進(jìn)一步引起骨質(zhì)疏松。另外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[18],炎癥因子增加可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(macrophage- colony stimulating factor,M-CSF)和 RANKL 的表達(dá),促進(jìn)破骨細(xì)胞分化增殖、抑制成骨細(xì)胞成骨,從而造成骨量流失。這提示可能與透析患者存在的微炎癥狀態(tài)有關(guān)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn) CRP 雖不是獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但隨骨量下降而升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,也間接表明了這一點(diǎn)??傊肝鋈绾斡绊懝橇慨惓?,原因機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)低 BMI 是 ESRD 患者骨量異常的危險(xiǎn)因素。這與 Castillo 等[19]、張默等[20]學(xué)者研究結(jié)果相符。Amemiya等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)低 BMI 可能是 ESRD 和維持性透析患者致骨質(zhì)疏松的危險(xiǎn)因素,且同身高相比,與體重的關(guān)系更大。有研究認(rèn)為[22],其原因與肥胖減少承重骨的骨量流失,負(fù)重刺激骨的形成,增加雄激素向雌激素的轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)。但有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)[23],在非 CKD 的超重和肥胖患者(BMI >24 kg/m2)中, BMI 越高骨量反而降低。因此, BMI 可能在一定范圍內(nèi)對(duì)骨量異常是保護(hù)因素,具體范圍還需進(jìn)一步研究。
本研究中骨代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo)方面僅發(fā)現(xiàn) 25-(OH)-VitD3在骨質(zhì)疏松組較另兩組更低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這與一項(xiàng)回顧性研究[24]結(jié)果是一致的,其發(fā)現(xiàn) ESRD 患者的活性維生素 D<15 nmol/L 時(shí),骨形成率和骨小梁礦化表面積均減少。另一項(xiàng)研究[25]顯示,維持性血液透析患者活性維生素 D 缺乏時(shí),骨折的發(fā)生率明顯增加。因此,活性維生素 D 的缺乏與骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn) P 隨骨量下降而降低, Ca 隨骨量下降而升高,iPTH、ALP 隨骨量下降有升高趨勢(shì),但均不是骨量異常的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,這與已有研究結(jié)果一致[26-28]。這些指標(biāo)并沒(méi)有因不同程度的骨量異常而體現(xiàn)出明顯不同,表明 ESRD 骨病的病理生理是復(fù)雜的,并不僅僅取決于某個(gè)指標(biāo)的水平。
作為單中心的一個(gè)橫斷面研究,所得結(jié)果受到較多干擾因素的影響,如樣本量不夠大、各組間匹配不夠均衡、時(shí)間短、分層不夠等,從而使得危險(xiǎn)因素的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值有待進(jìn)一步評(píng)估。
綜上所述,本研究的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)提示可以通過(guò)提高透析質(zhì)量、改善營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況等措施來(lái)提高 BMD,降低骨量異常的發(fā)生率,進(jìn)而減少骨質(zhì)疏松患病率及骨折發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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(收稿日期:2021-10-09)