語(yǔ)料庫(kù)批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析研究新進(jìn)展——《話語(yǔ)分析與媒體態(tài)度》評(píng)介

徐芳李濤

(安徽財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué),蚌埠,233030;上海交通大學(xué),上海,200240)

Baker, P., C. Gabrielatos & T. McEnery. 2013.DiscourseAnalysisandMediaAttitudes:TheRepresentationofIslamintheBritishPress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9781107008823. pp.+280.

1. 引言

近年來(lái),隨著語(yǔ)料庫(kù)研究手段在各類(lèi)人文社科領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用,傳統(tǒng)上側(cè)重于直覺(jué)內(nèi)省和理論思辨的批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析研究開(kāi)始走向基于大數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)和定性分析相結(jié)合的復(fù)合研究范式。由劍橋大學(xué)出版社2013年推出的《話語(yǔ)分析與媒體態(tài)度》堪稱(chēng)此類(lèi)研究的典范。

作為語(yǔ)料庫(kù)批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析的國(guó)際領(lǐng)軍人物,本書(shū)作者Paul Baker和Tony McEnery為語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究重鎮(zhèn)蘭卡斯特大學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)及英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言系教授,在語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)、批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析、語(yǔ)言與身份等領(lǐng)域多有建樹(shù),也是語(yǔ)料庫(kù)批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析研究的重要推動(dòng)者。另一作者Costas Gabrielatos現(xiàn)為艾吉黑爾大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言高級(jí)講師,曾師從McEnery教授,于2010年博士畢業(yè)于蘭卡斯特大學(xué)。可以預(yù)見(jiàn),本書(shū)將有力促進(jìn)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析研究。

2. 內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介

《話語(yǔ)分析與媒體態(tài)度》全書(shū)共分十章。第一章為引言部分,主要介紹了本書(shū)的研究理?yè)?jù)、研究方法以及全書(shū)結(jié)構(gòu)安排。作者指出近年來(lái)穆斯林問(wèn)題受到英國(guó)媒體廣泛關(guān)注,但由于新聞報(bào)道遠(yuǎn)非對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)不偏不倚的鏡像反映,而是特定意識(shí)形態(tài)驅(qū)動(dòng)下的現(xiàn)實(shí)敘述,進(jìn)而說(shuō)服人們接受媒體對(duì)某現(xiàn)象是非好壞的評(píng)判,因而英國(guó)媒體對(duì)穆斯林及伊斯蘭報(bào)道態(tài)度的話語(yǔ)分析研究值得開(kāi)展。在論及研究方法時(shí),作者坦承現(xiàn)有批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析研究難免存在認(rèn)知偏見(jiàn)、身份偏見(jiàn)以及經(jīng)驗(yàn)偏見(jiàn)。對(duì)于此類(lèi)質(zhì)疑,作者表示本書(shū)由多位作者共同參與分析討論,并吸收了學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議、報(bào)告期間包括穆斯林在內(nèi)的不同受眾對(duì)研究成果的反饋,實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)研究數(shù)據(jù)的多樣化闡釋。另外本書(shū)結(jié)合語(yǔ)料庫(kù)研究手段,特別是語(yǔ)料庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)研究方法,一定程度上也避免了先前預(yù)設(shè)結(jié)論。

李濤,上海交通大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院在讀博士,安徽財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院講師。主要研究方向?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)料庫(kù)翻譯學(xué)。電子郵箱:lt0806@sjtu.edu.cn

第二章通過(guò)詞頻和關(guān)鍵詞分析,考察了伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的整體特征。該語(yǔ)料庫(kù)涵納1998年至2009年有關(guān)穆斯林和伊斯蘭話題的英國(guó)報(bào)紙文章,庫(kù)容近1億4千3百萬(wàn)詞。作者利用Sketch Engine觀察“穆斯林”(Muslim)、“伊斯蘭”(Islam)等語(yǔ)詞的修飾語(yǔ)及其在語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)上的差別,并分析了語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中的高頻實(shí)詞,以考察伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中的特定語(yǔ)義組合。研究結(jié)果顯示,伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中半數(shù)以上的高頻詞都直接與爭(zhēng)端相關(guān),檢索詞“伊斯蘭”和“穆斯林”的諸多搭配修飾語(yǔ)也都與沖突關(guān)聯(lián)。這表明1998至2009年12年間英國(guó)報(bào)紙新聞中對(duì)伊斯蘭和穆斯林的描寫(xiě)多置于沖突爭(zhēng)端類(lèi)報(bào)道背景,試圖把伊斯蘭及穆斯林建構(gòu)成為爭(zhēng)端的來(lái)源。

第三章基于相關(guān)子語(yǔ)料庫(kù),深入對(duì)比了英國(guó)不同報(bào)紙關(guān)鍵詞詞表之間所存在的差別,以期揭示英國(guó)“大報(bào)”(broadsheets)和“小報(bào)”(tabloids)之間在描寫(xiě)穆斯林及伊斯蘭時(shí)所采用的不同報(bào)道策略。研究結(jié)果表明小報(bào)更加關(guān)注英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的伊斯蘭和穆斯林現(xiàn)狀,而大報(bào)更傾向于立足國(guó)際視野。同時(shí),作者也發(fā)現(xiàn)不同報(bào)紙對(duì)穆斯林和伊斯蘭的呈現(xiàn)特點(diǎn)也存在差異,并非整體劃一,彰顯了不同報(bào)紙各自特定的意識(shí)形態(tài)定位,從而驅(qū)使其有選擇、過(guò)濾性地報(bào)道相關(guān)伊斯蘭和穆斯林的話題。

第四章從歷時(shí)角度,考察穆斯林及伊斯蘭在不同時(shí)期報(bào)紙新聞中的差異,包括不同時(shí)期的報(bào)道頻率,不同時(shí)期的報(bào)道焦點(diǎn),特別關(guān)注了報(bào)道穆斯林(作為人群)以及伊斯蘭(作為抽象概念)在不同時(shí)期之間的差別。作者首先把伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)以年份為參數(shù)分成12個(gè)子語(yǔ)料庫(kù),重點(diǎn)考察各年份子語(yǔ)料庫(kù)共享的關(guān)鍵詞。研究結(jié)果顯示報(bào)紙文章正逐步傾向于關(guān)注穆斯林群體,而非伊斯蘭教派,其中“伊斯蘭”相較于“穆斯林”來(lái)說(shuō)語(yǔ)義韻更加負(fù)面。作者還發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然相關(guān)描述性修飾語(yǔ)不斷改變,但極端主義概念的應(yīng)用在各個(gè)時(shí)期子語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中都相當(dāng)普遍,這再次表明伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)凸顯沖突爭(zhēng)端類(lèi)報(bào)道背景。

第五章主要關(guān)注了穆斯林的群體性和差異性概念,重點(diǎn)考察最高頻的“穆斯林世界”(Muslim world)、“穆斯林社區(qū)”(Muslim community)、“穆斯林國(guó)家”(Muslim country)等語(yǔ)言表達(dá)式,以探討英國(guó)報(bào)紙多大程度上把穆斯林呈現(xiàn)為“西方”(the West)的對(duì)立群體,多大程度上認(rèn)可伊斯蘭具有不同宗教傳統(tǒng)派別。本章對(duì)群體性和差異性的考察表明英國(guó)報(bào)紙傾向于把穆斯林描繪為群體概念,通常與英國(guó)其他群體或西方世界關(guān)系緊張。對(duì)伊斯蘭不同派別的呈現(xiàn),大報(bào)與小報(bào)之間有所差別。這構(gòu)建了英國(guó)報(bào)紙中穆斯林和伊斯蘭身份形象,展現(xiàn)了穆斯林世界與西方世界之間的對(duì)立和沖突。

第六章主要考察了“穆斯林”和“伊斯蘭”的搭配修飾語(yǔ)。通過(guò)分析不同類(lèi)型修飾語(yǔ)在不同報(bào)紙、不同年份語(yǔ)料中的分布特征,探討了英國(guó)報(bào)紙中穆斯林和伊斯蘭的身份表征等系列問(wèn)題。研究結(jié)果表明不同報(bào)紙、不同時(shí)期對(duì)極端型修飾語(yǔ)的凸顯程度不同,交替使用不同修飾語(yǔ)如fanatic、radical、extremist、hardliner等來(lái)表達(dá)極端信仰是重要的報(bào)道策略。部分溫和型搭配修飾語(yǔ),如pious、committed、devout也并不總暗示中間立場(chǎng)。研究結(jié)果還顯示伊斯蘭被看作危險(xiǎn)、可怕、固執(zhí)、極端的代名詞,報(bào)紙所呈現(xiàn)的這種伊斯蘭身份及形象逐漸成為思維定勢(shì)。

第七章探究了穆斯林群體享受社會(huì)福利論題。作者將伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)按照年份、報(bào)紙兩個(gè)參數(shù)分割成144個(gè)子語(yǔ)料庫(kù),通過(guò)內(nèi)省和取樣閱讀方式選定scroung*①、dole、handouts、benefits、welfare分別進(jìn)行檢索和索引行細(xì)讀,重點(diǎn)探討英國(guó)報(bào)紙中穆斯林身份在語(yǔ)言層面上的建構(gòu),如詐騙犯、竊賊等。作者還分析了穆斯林享受社會(huì)福利這個(gè)論題多大程度上被用來(lái)構(gòu)建為更大的社會(huì)語(yǔ)篇以批評(píng)工黨政府。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)大報(bào)和小報(bào)對(duì)此話題的報(bào)道態(tài)度不同,部分右傾小報(bào)更傾向于對(duì)穆斯林享受社會(huì)福利進(jìn)行負(fù)面報(bào)道。部分報(bào)紙選用“竊取者”一詞直言穆斯林群體不應(yīng)領(lǐng)取社會(huì)福利,也是劍指英國(guó)工黨整個(gè)福利系統(tǒng)政策。

第八章主要關(guān)注了穆斯林女性面紗和男性的極端傾向兩個(gè)話題。性別是人們理解身份最重要的方式之一,而Muslim women和Muslim men都是伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中的極高頻詞簇。對(duì)于女性面紗話題,作者探究了新聞報(bào)道中戴面紗是被表征為一種選擇性行為,還是強(qiáng)加于穆斯林女性身上的政治化形式。對(duì)男性極端傾向的分析,旨在關(guān)注英國(guó)報(bào)紙多大程度上把穆斯林男性構(gòu)建成為實(shí)施威脅的主體以及這些新聞報(bào)紙如何表述相關(guān)解決方案。研究結(jié)果顯示英國(guó)報(bào)紙表現(xiàn)出對(duì)穆斯林女性的厭惡和不滿(mǎn),并認(rèn)定穆斯林男性群體極端主義傾向愈加濃厚。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)報(bào)紙?jiān)捳Z(yǔ)把伊斯蘭描寫(xiě)成具有壓迫性的、極端性的宗教派別。

第九章主要對(duì)比分析了19世紀(jì)英國(guó)報(bào)紙對(duì)穆斯林群體的報(bào)道特點(diǎn)及其與當(dāng)今英國(guó)報(bào)紙媒體相關(guān)報(bào)道之間的異同。研究結(jié)果顯示,19世紀(jì)和當(dāng)前英國(guó)報(bào)紙對(duì)穆斯林群體的報(bào)道存在大量相似特點(diǎn),如19世紀(jì)英國(guó)報(bào)紙也經(jīng)常把穆斯林群體與爭(zhēng)端相關(guān)聯(lián);伊斯蘭教派也常被報(bào)道為具有極端主義傾向。但兩個(gè)時(shí)期對(duì)穆斯林群體的報(bào)道差異也十分明顯,如19世紀(jì)報(bào)紙未對(duì)穆斯林女性面紗進(jìn)行報(bào)道,作者認(rèn)為原因在于當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)女性與穆斯林女性社會(huì)地位差異不大,故而女性面紗論題缺少新聞價(jià)值。另外,19世紀(jì)對(duì)穆斯林群體的報(bào)道頻次偏少,作者認(rèn)為一方面在19世紀(jì)穆斯林并不是英國(guó)本土的話題,另一方面僅當(dāng)穆斯林群體涉及爭(zhēng)端時(shí)才變得有新聞報(bào)道價(jià)值。

第十章總結(jié)了主要研究結(jié)果,并嘗試在社會(huì)政治語(yǔ)境下做出闡釋。作者認(rèn)為英國(guó)報(bào)紙整體上更傾向于使用隱化、間接的方式從負(fù)面角度呈現(xiàn)穆斯林群體和伊斯蘭教派,并且表示即使編輯辯駁負(fù)面新聞更有新聞價(jià)值,但語(yǔ)料庫(kù)檢索結(jié)果卻顯示,相比于通用報(bào)紙語(yǔ)料,穆斯林和伊斯蘭在英國(guó)報(bào)紙中更多地呈現(xiàn)于沖突爭(zhēng)端背景中。作者建議報(bào)紙媒體不要把個(gè)體現(xiàn)象過(guò)度概括化為穆斯林群體具有好戰(zhàn)傾向,不要把穆斯林世界與西方世界的關(guān)系具體化為兩個(gè)沖突的世界,也不要把話題僅限于戰(zhàn)亂及沖突。此外還應(yīng)考慮報(bào)道中穆斯林群體的宗教傾向是否被人為夸大。

作者還指出未來(lái)研究方向:可以進(jìn)一步對(duì)比分析伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中不同文章類(lèi)型對(duì)穆斯林身份建構(gòu)的研究,如讀者來(lái)信、專(zhuān)欄等;還可以進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展不同國(guó)家新聞媒體之間、不同媒體類(lèi)型之間對(duì)穆斯林身份構(gòu)建差異的對(duì)比研究,以及新聞媒體中對(duì)不同宗教群體身份構(gòu)建的對(duì)比研究等。對(duì)于誰(shuí)能從英國(guó)報(bào)紙對(duì)穆斯林群體的報(bào)道態(tài)度中受益這個(gè)問(wèn)題,作者認(rèn)為報(bào)紙從業(yè)人員能夠通過(guò)對(duì)穆斯林的負(fù)面報(bào)道吸引大量讀者,從而影響英國(guó)未來(lái)在穆斯林問(wèn)題上的態(tài)度走向。而且,對(duì)穆斯林群體的負(fù)面夸大報(bào)道將逐步形成穆斯林世界與西方世界的對(duì)立并進(jìn)一步引發(fā)沖突,這在某種程度上實(shí)際幫助了極端恐怖分子達(dá)成既定目標(biāo)。這一討論值得引起廣泛關(guān)注。

3. 簡(jiǎn)評(píng)

本書(shū)采用語(yǔ)料庫(kù)研究手段和批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析理論工具,多維度考察了英國(guó)新聞報(bào)紙中對(duì)穆斯林及伊斯蘭的報(bào)道特征,旨在揭示英國(guó)報(bào)紙媒體對(duì)穆斯林及伊斯蘭的態(tài)度及立場(chǎng)。本書(shū)特色主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面。

第一,采用大型專(zhuān)題語(yǔ)料庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)研究方法。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析受到廣泛抨擊,認(rèn)為只要存在批評(píng)主體,任何話語(yǔ)分析都難以避免個(gè)人偏見(jiàn),因?yàn)檠芯咳藛T總是傾向于尋找支持自己立場(chǎng)的研究數(shù)據(jù)(Stubbs 1997;Widdowson 2004:102)。近些年,部分學(xué)者把語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究方法融入批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析研究,為批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析提供了新的研究路徑(Partington 2006;Bakeretal. 2008)。本書(shū)采用大型專(zhuān)題語(yǔ)料庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)研究方法,在很大程度上避免了對(duì)研究數(shù)據(jù)定性分析的偏頗。其一是因?yàn)樵摃?shū)并非基于傳統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)料庫(kù)取樣方法,而是涵蓋多類(lèi)型英語(yǔ)報(bào)紙,無(wú)論大報(bào)小報(bào)、無(wú)論左翼右翼,只要涉及穆斯林和伊斯蘭話題的英國(guó)報(bào)紙文章,即收錄在本研究所依據(jù)的世界上最大的穆斯林和伊斯蘭專(zhuān)題報(bào)刊語(yǔ)料庫(kù)。該語(yǔ)料庫(kù)涵納1998年至2009年有關(guān)穆斯林和伊斯蘭話題的英國(guó)報(bào)紙文章2萬(wàn)余篇,庫(kù)容達(dá)1億4千3百萬(wàn)詞,相關(guān)定性分析和研究結(jié)論以如此規(guī)模大型數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),這在一定程度上消除了批評(píng)主體的個(gè)人偏見(jiàn)。其二是因?yàn)楸緯?shū)采用了語(yǔ)料庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的研究方法。該研究方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于不對(duì)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行預(yù)設(shè),研究者更多得置于中立的態(tài)度和立場(chǎng)。就該書(shū)而言,作者提取高頻語(yǔ)言表達(dá)式作為進(jìn)一步深入考察的基礎(chǔ),而非預(yù)設(shè)英國(guó)報(bào)紙對(duì)待穆斯林和伊斯蘭的報(bào)道態(tài)度存在偏見(jiàn),這一定程度上增強(qiáng)了研究的效度和信度。尤為重要的是,此類(lèi)研究方法支持重復(fù)性驗(yàn)證研究,使得本項(xiàng)研究更趨科學(xué)。另外,值得一提的是,作者在書(shū)中研究方法部分提出三位作者對(duì)研究數(shù)據(jù)分別進(jìn)行闡釋,同時(shí)在相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議及研討會(huì)對(duì)部分研究結(jié)果的展示中,也收到來(lái)自不同區(qū)域、不同研究背景學(xué)者的回饋,這對(duì)本書(shū)的研究結(jié)果也是一種有效補(bǔ)充。在語(yǔ)料庫(kù)批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析中對(duì)研究數(shù)據(jù)多人闡釋,對(duì)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)數(shù)據(jù)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行三角驗(yàn)證將是這一領(lǐng)域中的未來(lái)研究趨勢(shì)。

第二,開(kāi)展綜合、分類(lèi)、專(zhuān)題多維度考察。本書(shū)不僅依據(jù)伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)全部語(yǔ)料對(duì)英國(guó)報(bào)紙中穆斯林和伊斯蘭身份構(gòu)建進(jìn)行了綜合考察,包括對(duì)穆斯林和伊斯蘭的群體性和差異性等主題進(jìn)行扎實(shí)有效的實(shí)證研究,還依據(jù)報(bào)紙類(lèi)型、年份等參數(shù)創(chuàng)建了各類(lèi)子語(yǔ)料庫(kù)。作者通過(guò)提取關(guān)鍵詞詞表以及相關(guān)搭配修飾語(yǔ),對(duì)英國(guó)報(bào)紙中穆斯林群體和伊斯蘭教派身份構(gòu)建進(jìn)行了不同報(bào)紙、不同時(shí)期的分類(lèi)考察,如研究了英國(guó)大報(bào)和小報(bào)對(duì)穆斯林及伊斯蘭采用的不同報(bào)道策略。此外,作者還就穆斯林群體享受社會(huì)福利、穆斯林女性面紗、穆斯林男性的極端傾向等開(kāi)展了原創(chuàng)性的專(zhuān)題研究。這就全方位、多維度地呈現(xiàn)出英國(guó)報(bào)紙媒體對(duì)穆斯林群體和伊斯蘭教派的報(bào)道態(tài)度。同時(shí)可以看出,不同類(lèi)型子語(yǔ)料庫(kù)之間的對(duì)比研究使得該書(shū)更加豐富多樣,也對(duì)今后的研究有一定的啟示。

第三,共時(shí)研究和歷時(shí)研究有機(jī)結(jié)合。語(yǔ)言的共時(shí)和歷時(shí)研究是一種相對(duì)概念,從語(yǔ)言的共時(shí)和歷時(shí)不同角度開(kāi)展話語(yǔ)分析,不僅可以揭示同一時(shí)期語(yǔ)言狀況所體現(xiàn)的媒體態(tài)度,還可以展現(xiàn)在不同歷史時(shí)期媒體對(duì)某一現(xiàn)象態(tài)度的變化改觀。語(yǔ)言的歷時(shí)狀態(tài)可以看作是一段由許多略有變化的小照片連接而成的電影膠片,表現(xiàn)著動(dòng)感的過(guò)程,而把共時(shí)狀態(tài)視為那一段膠片中的每一張,表現(xiàn)著瞬間的定格(張普、石定果2003)。語(yǔ)料庫(kù)可以依據(jù)不同的研究目的在語(yǔ)言的歷時(shí)和共時(shí)研究中發(fā)揮功用(肖忠華2012)。本書(shū)不僅從共時(shí)視角探討了諸如穆斯林群體的宗教信仰特征、穆斯林群體享受社會(huì)福利以及有關(guān)穆斯林性別因素話題等,還從歷時(shí)角度考察了不同時(shí)期英國(guó)報(bào)紙媒體對(duì)穆斯林和伊斯蘭身份構(gòu)建的差異和聯(lián)系。其中,歷時(shí)研究體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面。其一,作者以年限為參數(shù),把伊斯蘭語(yǔ)料庫(kù)分成12個(gè)子語(yǔ)料庫(kù),對(duì)比分析了12年間英國(guó)報(bào)紙媒體中對(duì)穆斯林群體和伊斯蘭教派表征上的差異。其二,作者還探究了早期英國(guó)報(bào)紙中對(duì)穆斯林群體和伊斯蘭教派的報(bào)道特征,并以19世紀(jì)為個(gè)案研究,分析了當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)報(bào)紙與當(dāng)今的英國(guó)報(bào)紙?jiān)跇?gòu)建穆斯林和伊斯蘭身份之間的關(guān)聯(lián)和差別?？梢哉f(shuō),本書(shū)較好地將共時(shí)研究和歷時(shí)研究有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái),未見(jiàn)偏頗。

此外,本書(shū)跨越多個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域,從宏觀切題,微觀入手,數(shù)據(jù)翔實(shí),資料全面,為語(yǔ)料庫(kù)批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析提供了經(jīng)典研究范例。以上幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)也展現(xiàn)了當(dāng)前批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析的整體研究趨勢(shì)。可以看出,本書(shū)對(duì)于批評(píng)話語(yǔ)分析、語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)、政治學(xué)、新聞學(xué)、翻譯學(xué)、伊斯蘭研究等領(lǐng)域均有重要啟示。

附注

① “scroung*”指以scroung為詞干的語(yǔ)詞單位,包括scrounge、scrounged、scrounging等。

參考文獻(xiàn)

The Appropriate Interpretation and Selective Use of Notes on Chinese Classics as Source Texts in the Process of Translation,by HUANG Guowen, p. 1

In translating Chinese classics into foreign languages, the translator’s interpretation and use of notes on the classics (as source texts) will affect the translation process on the one hand and the quality of product of the translation (i.e. target text) on the other. This paper looks at this issue by studying different English translations of the Confucian “zi han yan li yu ming yu ren” inLunYu(theAnalects) and argues that the appropriate interpretation and selective use of those notes not only determines the quality of the translated text but also indicates the translator’s translating competence.

On Finiteness in Chinese from the Perspective of Cryptotype and Cline,by YANG Bingjun, p. 6

No general consensus has been arrived in finiteness of verbs in Chinese since late 1890s. A sketchy review of the morphological changes during the development of Chinese shows that it is improper to treat the finiteness of verbs majorly on the basis of inflections. With the insights from Whorf’s cryptotype and Halliday’s cline, we can differentiate six types between typical non-finite clause and typical finite clause according to three parameters as follows: the appearance of subject, the verb as the main predicate, and the verb agrees with persons and numbers. It is found in the present research that the so-called pregnant clauses, the serial verb construction and the jianyu construction (similar to SVOC construction in English) can all be expounded within the types we proposed in a consistent way. In general, pseudo-non-finite clauses are prevalent in modern Chinese.

A Review of Compound Word Processing Research in China and Abroad,by ZHAO Wei, p. 11

This paper provides a critical review of the compound word processing research in China and abroad. It starts by introducing the representative theoretical models in the field, concluding that so far the Dual-route model is the one with the best explanatory power, and then it proceeds to make a detailed analysis and evaluation of the current empirical studies in compound word processing in both L1 and L2. At the end it predicts the future trends of the research on compound word processing.

Generics: To be Grounded, or Not to be Grounded,by HUANG Bei, p. 18

Based on the interactive function of language, Cognitive Grammar comes up with the grounding theory. As a semantic function, grounding is formally represented as the grounding system in language, which is held to find realization in all nominals and finite clauses. Focusing on nominal grounding system (i.e. the determiner system), and taking Chinese bare nouns as point of access, this paper suggests that bare nouns remain ungrounded when denoting generic reference, and further argues that generic expressions have nothing to do with grounding, and that there is no iconic mapping between the determinant elements in generic NPs and the grounding function. This suggests that current grounding theory has posed too stringent constraints on form-meaning correspondence, which is difficult to hold in effect.

Stubbs, M. 1997. Whorf’s children: Critical comments on critical discourse analysis [A]. In A. Ryan & A. Wray (eds.).EvolvingModelsofLanguage[C]. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 100-16.

Widdowson, H. G. 2004.Text,Context,Pretext:CriticalIssuesinCriticalDiscourseAnalysis[M]. Oxford: Blackwell.

肖忠華.2012.語(yǔ)料庫(kù)在語(yǔ)言共時(shí)與歷時(shí)研究中的運(yùn)用[J].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)理論與實(shí)踐(4):11-12.

張普、石定果.2003.論歷時(shí)中包含有共時(shí)與共時(shí)中包含有歷時(shí)[J].語(yǔ)言教學(xué)與研究(3):40-47.

(責(zé)任編輯甄鳳超)

Studies of English as a Lingua Franca and Its Implications for China’s English Language Teaching Practice,by TENG Yanjiang, p. 31

The economic globalization has enhanced English’s status as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in international communications. This new trend has made the usage of English more function on its shared linguistic code and less on its traditional native speakerness. Therefore, ELF has become a hot topic in the field of Applied Linguistics. Through a chronological perspective, this paper reviews the study of ELF: its definition, its relation with EFL (English as a Foreign Language), the study domains (pragmatics, lexicongrammar and phonology), and its research applications (in academic and business field). In addition, this paper points out the challenges ELF study encountered at present. Based on the theoretical discussion of ELF, finally this paper discusses its implications on China’s English language teaching practice.

Sustainable Improvement of Chinese Students’ English Proficiency: A Narrative Review Based on Contemporary Distinguished English Educators,by CHANG Haichao, p. 37

Based on the narrations of twenty-one contemporary distinguished English educators in China, it revealed that they developed their English language ability by means of reading lots of English literary works. The rationale behind this in English learning is that: (1) The colorful language and encyclopedic knowledge in literary works unfolds the linguistic context; (2) The variety of subjects in literary works intrigue the learners’ reading will and mobilize their cognitive ability, thus activating the intrinsic context; (3) Extensive reading, facilitated by pertinent writing, compensates for the lack of the extrinsic language environment. Driven by knowledge factors, sustained by affective and cognitive factors and targeted on the cultivation of language awareness and the increase of stamina in English learning, literary reading proves to be an effective way for the sustainable development of Chinese students’ English language ability.

Selection of Language Varieties in Translation and the Construction of Modern Gender Identity: On Language Varieties in Translation of Women Translators in Early 20th-Century China,by LUO Lie, p. 55

The early 20th-century China witnessed the replacement of classical Chinese by vernacular Chinese as the written language. Considered as the representation of modernity, vernacular Chinese was highly advocated. During this process, translation played an important role in introducing new words and ways of expression into Chinese language. The selection of language varieties in translation is related to the translator’s cultural attitude toward self and the other. In this period, the first group of indigenous women translators in China demonstrates three stages in their selection of language varieties in translation, which reveals their recognition and active construction of modern identity. Their selection of language varieties in translation contributes to the change of power structure of the different Chinese language varieties and pushes forward the development of Chinese language.

On Female Translator’s Subjectivity:A Case Study of Gladys Yang’s Chinese-English Translation of Leaden Wings,by ZHANG Shengxiang & WANG Jiali, p. 63

Gladys Yang, as a well-known British translator, made an outstanding contribution to Chinese literature. Her unique cultural identity, together with fruitful translation practice, makes her an ideal research object on the translator’s subjectivity. What makes things more meaningful is that her identity as a female translator offers a brand-new gender perspective to this study. Over her independent translation activities, her subjectivity as a translator has been fully played, and she has actively translated various Chinese women writers’ works. This paper analyzes translator’s subjectivity in Gladys Yang’s English translations, taking the English version ofLeadenWingsas a case in point. The comprehensive analysis will be conducted from three aspects: selection of source texts, manipulation on paratexts, and translation strategies.

作者簡(jiǎn)介:徐芳,安徽財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院講師。主要研究方向?yàn)閼?yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)。電子郵箱:xf1206@126.com

*本文系教育部人文社會(huì)科學(xué)重點(diǎn)研究基地重大項(xiàng)目“英語(yǔ)程式語(yǔ)研究的理論建構(gòu)及應(yīng)用”(編號(hào)12JJD740010)和安徽財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)校級(jí)科研項(xiàng)目“基于語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的語(yǔ)義遷移研究”(編號(hào)ACKY1471)的階段性成果。

Baker, P., C. Gabrielatos, M. Khosravinik, M. Krzyzanowski, A. M. McEnery & R. Wodak. 2008. A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press [J].DiscourseandSociety(3): 273-306.

Partington, A. 2006.TheLinguisticsofLaughter:ACorpusAssistedStudyofLaughterTalk[M]. London: Routledge.

Abstracts of Major Papers in This Issue