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      例析英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中學(xué)生概括能力的培養(yǎng)

      2016-12-05 11:01:56魏玉平魏之寧
      關(guān)鍵詞:概括能力英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)思維訓(xùn)練

      魏玉平+++魏之寧

      摘 要:在英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中,教師要經(jīng)常設(shè)置質(zhì)疑情境,激發(fā)學(xué)生去發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,在發(fā)現(xiàn)和挖掘問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中,促使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生和形成懷疑、困惑和研究的心態(tài),激活并拓展學(xué)生的思維參與度,幫助他們發(fā)展有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略,在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)會(huì)概括,在問(wèn)題解決中提高思維能力。

      關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué);概括能力;思維訓(xùn)練

      杜威認(rèn)為,“學(xué)習(xí)就是要學(xué)會(huì)思維”[1]。語(yǔ)言是思維的載體,語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)是思維訓(xùn)練的重要途徑,加之語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)具有漸進(jìn)性和持續(xù)性的特點(diǎn),因此,訓(xùn)練與培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維是語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的重中之重。在英語(yǔ)閱讀中,學(xué)生對(duì)文本信息的接受、整合、概括、歸納、理解、比較、批判、質(zhì)疑等活動(dòng),都離不開思維的高度參與。

      最近幾年,全國(guó)各地的高考英語(yǔ)試卷中陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了概要寫作的題型。這個(gè)題型對(duì)考生的概括能力提出了更高的要求??梢姡谥袑W(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中,訓(xùn)練與培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的概括能力是十分必要和重要的。

      下面,筆者以譯林版《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》(必修)模塊二第二單元的教學(xué)為例,剖析如何在高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的概括能力。該節(jié)課的教學(xué)內(nèi)容是以“Wish you were here”為主題,以“An adventure in Africa”為話題的書信體裁閱讀文本。筆者將“Welcome to the unit”并入到Reading的第一課時(shí),借助圖片賞析、淺層閱讀、文法對(duì)照和深層閱讀,通過(guò)四個(gè)互動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié),在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生概括能力及語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用與輸出方面做了以下嘗試。

      一、挖掘中心詞

      師生共同賞析“Welcome to the unit”中的四幅圖,同時(shí)融入與Reading文本所談及的Morocco, the Sahara Desert, the River Nile, Mount Kilimanjaro等途經(jīng)地點(diǎn)或相關(guān)景觀圖。然后師生開展一些對(duì)話。

      T: While watching these pictures, what word comes to your mind?

      S: They are beautiful!

      S: They are wonderful!

      S: They are attractive!

      在師生情感共鳴的歡快氛圍里,筆者適時(shí)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)圖片加以簡(jiǎn)要描述。

      T: Okay! A mini task: Please use one word or two to generalize these pictures.

      S: Theyre wonders of Africa.

      S: Theyre attractive places in Africa.

      T: Yeah! Attractions, much better! (教師板書“attractions”)

      S: Theyre scenic spots in Africa, and Im dreaming of a trip there.

      S: Theyre nature beauty of Africa, a wonderful place, just like Heaven!

      T: We should say natural beauty. (教師板書“natural beauty”)

      【簡(jiǎn)析】學(xué)生是教學(xué)活動(dòng)的主體,學(xué)習(xí)不是由教師向?qū)W生單向傳遞知識(shí),而是學(xué)生自己建構(gòu)知識(shí)的過(guò)程。學(xué)習(xí)者不是被動(dòng)的信息接收者,而是對(duì)外部信息的主動(dòng)選擇者和加工者。新的知識(shí)和意義的形成,是學(xué)習(xí)者通過(guò)新舊知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn)反復(fù)的雙向的相互作用過(guò)程而構(gòu)建的[2]。在此環(huán)節(jié),教師拓寬背景知識(shí),引領(lǐng)學(xué)生在愉悅的審美情境中發(fā)散思維,用一兩個(gè)詞來(lái)描述非洲的美,輕松地完成對(duì)文本中心詞的挖掘,使學(xué)生對(duì)文本內(nèi)容有了初步輪廓,使學(xué)生的注意力得到了有效聚焦。

      二、概述主題

      T: Now, lets turn to the reading. Scan the passage and make a summary of it with one sentence or two in 10 minutes. Not exceeding 30 words.

      (10 minutes later)

      S: The letter is about Toby and Colins travel plan to have an adventure in Africa.

      T: Good! Its generalized, but a little short. A bit longer one?

      S: The passage is Tobys letter to Aihua talking about their travel plan to take an exciting and dangerous adventure in many places in Africa.

      T: A good job! When summarizing Toby and Colins travel route, you can refer to the map on the screen.

      T: OK! Lets polish what we have summarized together.

      (教師板書: The letter/passage is a holiday/travel plan/schedule for Toby and Colin to go on an adventure close to the wild from the northwest to the east and southeast of Africa)

      【簡(jiǎn)析】從心理學(xué)角度來(lái)看,概括是把不同事物的共同屬性(本質(zhì)的或非本質(zhì)的)抽象出來(lái)后加以綜合,從而形成一個(gè)日常概念或者科學(xué)概念。概括能力是綜合語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的較高層次,通常涵蓋抽象概括、歸納概括和總結(jié)概括。在略讀后讓學(xué)生對(duì)文本主題進(jìn)行概述,需要教師在學(xué)生快速獲取信息之后引導(dǎo)他們開啟思維,激活認(rèn)知圖式,對(duì)所獲信息進(jìn)行梳理、篩選、提煉、整合、歸納、組織和改編,進(jìn)而發(fā)展思維,通過(guò)呈現(xiàn)思維軌跡去激發(fā)表達(dá),從語(yǔ)言圖式過(guò)渡到內(nèi)容圖式,最終形成概念,這是英語(yǔ)閱讀整體理解過(guò)程中語(yǔ)言輸出的較高層次。這樣的概括訓(xùn)練,有利于提高學(xué)生的口頭與書面表達(dá)水平,對(duì)發(fā)展其心智大有裨益。

      三、提煉結(jié)構(gòu)

      T: Next, well come to the layout of the letter. Before doing that, lets refer to the Reading Strategy of an informal letter, and then have a knowledge of the structure of a letter.

      (Students are aware of some expressing ways of an informal letter)

      T: Now, lets analyze the consistence (parts) of the letter together.

      T: Whats “30th June” for?

      S: Date.

      T: Whats “Dear Aihua” for?

      S: Greeting.

      T: Whats called between the beginning and the ending?

      S: Contents of the letter.

      T: Whats “Love” and “Toby” for?

      S: Abbreviation and name.

      T: Great! Now, lets read through a sample formal letter, skim the structure and compare it with an informal one. (文本略)

      T: This is a letter of application. By comparison, lets learn and abstract the 5 parts making up a letter. They are:

      1. Heading(信頭):

      John Stamos

      545, Half Day Road

      Bannockburn, IL 6024

      1300 456 789

      Johns email address

      Date- 20th November, 2012

      To,

      Mr Danny Jones

      J. Ripper Productions Ltd.

      2 Corporate Way

      Sometown, CA 45620 (對(duì)照30th June)

      2. Salutation(稱呼): Dear Mr Danny Jones, (對(duì)照Dear Aihua,并注意標(biāo)點(diǎn))

      3.Body(正文)

      4.Complimentary close(結(jié)束語(yǔ)): Yours sincerely, (對(duì)照Love,并注意標(biāo)點(diǎn))

      5. Signature(簽名): John Stamos

      T: As we can see, writing a formal letter varies from writing an informal one in part 1, 2 and 4, so we should pay attention when it comes to official or formal occasions.

      T: What about our Chinese letter writing?

      S: Writing an English letter is different from that of a Chinese one, especially in expressing time and place, that is, in heading and closing.

      T: Yes, that is, there are a lot of Chinese and western cultural differences, and we are supposed to keep in mind as many as possible.

      【簡(jiǎn)析】文體、結(jié)構(gòu)和文化差異等知識(shí)的缺乏會(huì)影響學(xué)生對(duì)文本理解的深度。在此環(huán)節(jié),教師有意識(shí)地添補(bǔ)上一封英文正式書信的樣本,以兩種書信在結(jié)構(gòu)與表達(dá)方式上的對(duì)照和解析為契機(jī),借助比較英語(yǔ)書信的兩種(正式與非正式)寫法,理清脈絡(luò),進(jìn)而提煉出英語(yǔ)書信的五個(gè)組成部分,提高學(xué)生對(duì)書信篇章框架的識(shí)記和把握能力。與此同時(shí),巧妙地滲透中西方文化意識(shí),促使學(xué)生在差異比較中增進(jìn)對(duì)中外文化異同的理解,提高跨文化交際能力。閱讀的目的就是在特定的語(yǔ)境中,在一定的文化背景下,借用語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)這個(gè)意義來(lái)源,在語(yǔ)篇層次上提取意義,達(dá)到對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的理解[3]??梢姡鶕?jù)學(xué)生已有的認(rèn)知程度,通過(guò)有意義的信息輸入,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生比較不同的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格與文化范式,分析其異同,以滿足他們對(duì)文化學(xué)習(xí)和書面交際的需求,將語(yǔ)言教學(xué)融入文化認(rèn)知,將文化元素?fù)胶偷秸Z(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中,提高學(xué)生對(duì)不同文化的敏感程度,以培養(yǎng)他們的跨文化意識(shí),從而提高他們的跨文化交際能力,是當(dāng)前中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的當(dāng)務(wù)之急,也是課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所倡導(dǎo)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重要目標(biāo)。

      四、歸納要素

      T: Now, lets turn to the detailed reading of the passage. As to making a plan, setting aside the preparations, we should take many things into consideration. My question is: Who are the characters of the plan?

      S: Toby and Colin.

      T: Okay! Lets do some group work in 15 minutes, each group with one task by questioning and answering on the topic with your deskmates. After that, well exchange and present what we have done.

      While doing with your topic, you can consult the reading or refer to the travel route.

      Group 1: When-topic (schedules)

      Group 2: What-topic (main events)

      Group 3: Where-topic (travel route)

      Group 4: How-topic (means and feeling)

      以下是各組的交流內(nèi)容。

      Group 1: Toby will spend 4 weeks traveling with Colin before he goes to university. Theyre leaving London on 15th July, and theyll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa, and the trip will take six days ...

      Group 2: Toby and Colin are ready to visit so many exciting places and do lots of astonishing things during their trip in Africa. Theyre going to travel on camels through the Sahara Desert and will be traveling by camel, with local guides, camping in tents and sleeping on the ground or in their big, thick sleeping bags ... While walking for almost two weeks, theyll need to buy a large, strong, light backpack to carry their supplies of food and water. During the day, theyll walk across the land, following the footprints of big animals such as elephants, lions, and giraffes, to take some photos. After that, theyll be moving on to Tanzania to climb Mount Kilimanjaro. Then theyre going to the Himalayas.

      Group 3: Toby and Colins travel route: London—Morocco—the Sahara Desert—the River Nile(Lake Victoria)—Kenya—Tanzania—Mount Kilimanjaro—the Himalayas.

      Group 4: Toby and Colins travel means: by air, by camel, by white-water rafting, with the local people leading the way, walking across the land(on foot), Mountain climbing ... Toby and Colins feeling during the trip: uncomfortable, quite dangerous, but exciting, very tiring.

      T: Great! You have all done a good job. Now, what are we to come up with when we make a holiday or travel plan?

      S: We should cover at least 5 parts: characters, time, place, main events and ways of doing it.

      T: That is: who, when, where, what and how, 4Ws and 1H.

      【簡(jiǎn)析】歸納能力是邏輯思維能力的重要組成部分,它有助于提高學(xué)生的思辨、整合和轉(zhuǎn)述信息的能力,進(jìn)而提高學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)和綜合語(yǔ)言的應(yīng)用能力。教材在本單元設(shè)置的英語(yǔ)綜合語(yǔ)言輸出的后續(xù)活動(dòng)安排分別是“Task: Planning a holiday for your family”和“Project: Making a travel leaflet”。為了做好必要的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的輸入儲(chǔ)備與輸出鋪墊,教師必須靈活地整合文本內(nèi)容,適當(dāng)?shù)劁佒詫?duì)文本細(xì)節(jié)的理解,關(guān)注信息之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,結(jié)合學(xué)生已有的認(rèn)知和真實(shí)感受進(jìn)行啟智、內(nèi)化和遷移,借助拓展文本內(nèi)涵,使得對(duì)于文本的解讀多元化,讓師生在思維碰撞中平等對(duì)話,將閱讀能力的訓(xùn)練、口頭概述的實(shí)踐、書面寫作的鋪墊與思維能力的提升融為一體,真正實(shí)現(xiàn)“用教材教”的課程理念。

      誠(chéng)然,在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中,學(xué)生對(duì)文本語(yǔ)言信息的挖掘、概述、提煉和歸納等概括能力的逐步提升需要經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的思維訓(xùn)練、語(yǔ)言積累和綜合運(yùn)用,這一過(guò)程需要教師持續(xù)不斷地將思維訓(xùn)練融入其中。而思維訓(xùn)練大多始于并基于問(wèn)題,因此,在英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的互動(dòng)中,教師要經(jīng)常設(shè)置質(zhì)疑情境,激發(fā)學(xué)生去發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,在發(fā)現(xiàn)和挖掘問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中,促使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生和形成懷疑、困惑和研究的心態(tài),激活并拓展學(xué)生的思維參與度,幫助他們發(fā)展有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略,在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)會(huì)概括,在問(wèn)題解決中提高思維能力?!芭囵B(yǎng)思維能力是伴隨著對(duì)文本的深度解讀的閱讀教學(xué)活動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的,表層理解關(guān)注文本信息,而深層理解則開啟思維?!盵4]

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1]杜威. 我們?cè)鯓铀季S·經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教育[M]. 姜文閔,編譯. 北京:人民教育出版社,2005:64.

      [2]甘露. 建構(gòu)主義心理學(xué)及其對(duì)大學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)改革的啟示[J]. 四川外語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2002(4):152-153.

      [3]姜云臣,張?zhí)K. 文化差異對(duì)閱讀理解的影響[J].山東外語(yǔ)教學(xué),1998(1):86-88.

      [4]葛炳芳. 英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的綜合視野:內(nèi)容、思維和語(yǔ)言[M].杭州:浙江大學(xué)出版社,2013:48.

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